Randomised study of long term outcome after epidural versus non-epidural analgesia during labour
BMJ 2002; 325 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7360.357 (Published 17 August 2002) Cite this as: BMJ 2002;325:357
This article has a correction. Please see:
- Charlotte J Howell, consultant anaesthetist (charlotte{at}kogs.freeserve.co.uk)a,
- Tracy Dean, research physiotherapistb,
- Linda Lucking, research coordinatora,
- Krysia Dziedzic, clinical trialist, physiotherapyc,
- Peter W Jones, professor of medical statisticsd,
- Richard B Johanson, professor of obstetricsa
- a Academic Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, North Staffordshire Hospital (NHS) Trust, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire ST4 6QG
- b Physiotherapy Department, Staffordshire Rheumatology Centre, Haywood Hospital, Burslem, Stoke on Trent
- cDepartment of Physiotherapy Studies and Primary Care Sciences Research Centre, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire
- dDepartment of Mathematics, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG
- Correspondence to: C J Howell
- Accepted 17 August 2002
Abstract
Objective: To determine whether epidural analgesia during labour is associated with long term backache.
Design: Follow up after randomised controlled trial. Analysis by intention to treat
Setting: Department of obstetrics and gynaecology at one NHS trust
Participants: 369 women: 184 randomised to epidural group (treatment as allocated received by 123) and 185 randomised to non-epidural group (treatment as allocated received by 133). In the follow up study 151 women were from the epidural group and 155 from the non-epidural group
Main outcome measures: Self reported low back pain, disability, and limitation of movement assessed through one to one interviews with physiotherapist, questionnaire on back pain and disability, physical measurements of spinal mobility
Results: There were no significant differences between groups in demographic details or other key characteristics. The mean time interval from delivery to interview was 26 months. There were no significant differences in the onset or duration of low back pain, with nearly a third of women in each group reporting pain in the week before interview. There were no differences in self reported measures of disability in activities of daily living and no significant differences in measurements of spinal mobility
Conclusions: After childbirth there are no differences in the incidence of long term low back pain, disability, or movement restriction between women who receive epidural pain relief and women who receive other forms of pain relief
What is already known on this topic
Previous research has suggested an association between epidural analgesia during labour and lowback pain
It is not known whether this association is causal
What this study adds
This long term follow up study found no evidence of a causal link between epidural analgesia during labour and low back pain
Introduction
Epidural analgesia in labour is used by about 100 000 women in Britain each year.1 However, not much is known on long term effects of this form of pain relief, and before this study anecdotal reports or case series had concentrated on more severe side effects, such as extremely rare neurological complications.2
There have been several studies into back pain and epidural analgesia (table 1). MacArthur et al first suggested that epidural analgesia might be associated with low back in 1990.3 They carried out a postal questionnaire survey of 12 000 women who had delivered in Birmingham between 12 months and 9 years earlier. They found an unexpected association between the use of epidural pain relief for labour and long term low back pain (lasting more than three months). They were unable to make any assessment of the severity or aetiology of the low back pain. The authors were aware that this association might not be causal, and they attempted to control for possible confounding factors by statistical adjustment. Despite these adjustments, the association between epidural pain relief for labour and the reporting of long term low back pain remained.
Previous research into back pain and epidural analgesia in labour
In a further retrospective observational study Russell et al found that 18% of women who received epidural analgesia had long term low back pain compared with 12% of those who used other forms of pain relief.4 Although there were suggestions that the excess low back pain might stem from a “popular notion that epidurals cause long term backache,” MacArthur et al maintained that the association was real.5 Two years later, MacLeod et al, in another retrospective study, reported an even greater difference, with 26% of women who had epidurals for analgesia complaining of low back pain compared with only 2% in the non-epidural group6
Given the great human, medical, and economic costs of chronic low back pain3 we considered that a prospective controlled study with objective assessment of long term outcome was urgently needed. We had already undertaken a randomised controlled trial of epidural and non-epidural analgesia in labour, in which we examined the immediate effects of the different forms of analgesia on progress of labour, satisfaction, and health after childbirth.4 We used the same general health questionnaire as MacArthur et al,5 which incorporated questions on low back pain. However, this did not allow an objective assessment of any back pain in terms of severity or the interference with mobility and activities of daily living.
We investigated long term differences in self reported and objective measures of low back pain between women who received epidural pain relief and those who received other forms of pain relief during labour.
Methods
Participants
For the original pain relief study we had recruited 369 primigravidas with a cephalic presentation at term. All these women were invited to participate in this follow up study (151 from the epidural group and 155 from the non-epidural group agreed to participate). In the original study 184 women were randomised to receive an epidural and 123 received it, and 185 were randomised to other methods of pain relief but 52 had an epidural (figure).The study had local ethics committee approval, and all women had given signed informed consent to participate.
Comparability of women allocated to receive epidural analgesia or other form of pain relief during labour. Figures are means (SD) unless stated otherwise
Procedures
Assessment of low back pain is complex as it involves the patient's personal and subjective experience of pain and disability as well as objective assessment of physical impairment.7 We used the Roland and Morris questionnaire, which has been validatedfor assessing disability in activities of daily living due to low back pain.9
We chose objective physical measurements that had previously been shown to identify those patients with low back pain and that were significantly associated with self reported disability in activities of daily living.10he range of movements included straight leg raising, spinal flexion and extension, lateral flexion, and ability to sit up. Additional measurements included the modified Schober distance and the fingertip to floor method of assessing forward bending.71112 Before the study started we standardised assessment and carried out training to reduce intraobserver variability. TD undertook all assessments and was blinded to both the original group allocation and the method of pain relief actually received. Inevitably some women revealed this information during the course of the interview, and this was recorded.
The study ran from September 1995 to December 1997 (recruitment to the original pain relief study ended in September 1996).We contacted women who had taken part in the pain relief study and had given birth over 12 months previously.In previous studies researchers have found it difficult to get women to come to hospital for follow up assessments4 so we usually interviewed women in their own homes but appointments could be arranged at the hospital if this was more convenient.When a woman did not want to participate in a face-to-face interview we used a telephone interview or a postal questionnaire.
Power calculations and analysis
With 150 women in each group we calculated that we could be 80% confident of detecting (at P=0.05) a clinically significant 10% difference in objective measurements of low back pain at two years.3
We analysed data on an intention to treat basis. Continuous data are expressed as mean (SD), and we assessed differences with t tests. Frequency data were analysed with the StatXact Turbo package (CYTEL, Cambridge, MA, USA).
Results
Table 2 shows basic data for the two groups. These data reflect the validity of the original randomisation. The mean time since delivery of the index pregnancy was over two years in both groups.
The figure shows the entry flow for the study. The proportion of women who received their allocated method of pain relief in the original study was similar in both groups, as were the proportions by method of follow up and the proportions in which the assessor remained blind to the originalmethod of analgesia (epidural 126/151 v non-epidural 138/155).
The incidence of self reported low back pain during or after pregnancy was high (table 3). There were no significant differences in terms of the timing of onset. Back pain was common in both groups and more women reported severe pain in the epidural group, but pain lasting more than one year, persistent pain, and recent pain were all more common among women who had not had an epidural.
We measured a range of movements in 117 of 119 women in the epidural group who were interviewedand 117 of 122 in the non-epidural group.(table 4). The seven women who were not examined at all were pregnant at the time of the assessment, and measurements were omitted at the request of the woman or on the advice of the research physiotherapist There were no significant differences between the groups in any of the measurements of mobility. Therewere also no differences in responses to questions about everyday tasks that may be more difficultin the presence of low back pain.(table 5).
Women's answers to pain questionnaire according to allocation to epidural analgesia or other method of pain relief during labour. Figures are numbers of women
Roland and Morris questionnaire and measurements of movement. Figures are means (SD) unless stated otherwise
Discussion
In this controlled comparison of the long term effects of epidural and non-epidural analgesia we found no significant differences in self reported low back pain or disability and in objective measurements of spinal mobility after more than two years. The validity of these findings is affirmed by the randomised study design, the objective measures of outcome, and the high follow up rate.
Limitations
The interpretation of our findings is limited by the number of crossovers between groups. This is inevitable in trials that compare epidural and non-epidural pain relief13 but was lower in our study than in others. This study could therefore be considered as showing the differences between liberal and restricted use of epidural analgesia in labour. The absolute difference in epidural use was 40%. Despite the real life crossover between groups we found a significant association between use of epidural analgesia and the rate of assisted delivery, being 30% compared with 19% in the non-epidural group.8 If an increased incidence of low back pain was also attributable to the use of epidurals, it toocould have been shown despite the crossover.Our analysis was on an intention to treat basis for valid scientific reasons14 and also because this is the standpoint from which women will approach labour. They may be intending to use particular forms of analgesia, but in the real world some women may find non-epidural methods insufficient or may be managing so well that they do not use the epidural that they planned. The findings are also limited bythe moderate numbers of women included, meaning that rare events of harm could not have been reliably detected.
Effects of backache on lifestyle in women according to allocation to epidural analgesia or other method of pain relief during labour
Previous studies
MacArthur and coworkers reviewed six comparative studies that examined the association between epidural analgesia and postpartum low back pain.15 The three studies that showed a significant effect were all retrospective, while the prospective surveys showed no significant differences. 16 17 This important difference in findings illustrates the potential for bias in retrospective studies and similarly supports the value of carefully designed prospective studies, even if it is not feasible to generate a randomised cohort of patients.
Back pain in pregnancy
We found that reported rates of low back pain were high during pregnancy and at long term follow up in both groups of women. The proportions were similar to those observed by Ostgaard and Andersson in their prospective study of 817 women during pregnancy who were followed up for 12 months or more after delivery.18 They found that more than 67% of women experienced low back pain directly after delivery and 37% at the later follow up examination. Factors associated with persistent pain were the presence of low back pain before or during pregnancy, physically heavy work, and multiple pregnancy. This figure is somewhat higher than the overall prevalence of low back pain in women in developed countries.15 It is also significantly higher than the prevalence found in men, which supports the view that pregnancy may influence the development (or course) of low back pain.18–20
Further research
Although our study was powered to detect an absolute difference of 10% in the incidence of back pain, the findings of almost equal numbers in each group with most outcomes measured means that future controlled comparisons would require many thousands of participants. Given our findings, further research into complications of epidural analgesia will need to be based on large national cohorts of patients to identify risks for rare problems.
Acknowledgments
This paper is dedicated to Richard Johanson, who died a few months before publication. Dr G Waddell gave advice on methodology. We are grateful to all the women who participated.
Contributors: The study was conceived by CJH and RBJ. CJH, TD, KD, PWJ, and RBJ contributed to the design. CJH and RBJ supervised the execution of the study. TD collected the data. LL was data manager. PWJ and LL analysed the data. The paper was written jointly by all authors. CJH is guarantor.
Footnotes
-
Funding National Back Pain Association. RJ, KD, and LL's clinical trials activities are supported by grants from the NHS(E) West Midlands research and development programme.
-
Competing interests None declared.