Vaccination policy in the case of human papillomavirus (HPV) has remained a constant source of controversy ever since Gardasil, Merck’s vaccine against HPV, received US Food and Drug Administration approval in the summer of 2006. This controversy has centered on the risks and benefits of vaccinating girls and women in rich and poor nations alike. However, despite all of the attention created by this important policy question, relatively little has been focused on another key public health question: should boys be vaccinated against HPV as well? If herd immunity against the most carcinogenic strains of HPV could be more rapidly and efficiently achieved by vaccinating everyone at risk for being a carrier, it logically follows that vaccine policy should expand to include boys and men.

1.
Cohen J: Public health: high hopes and dilemmas for a cervical cancer vaccine. Science 2005;308:618–621.
2.
Reichman R: Epidemiology of human papillomavirus infections. UpToDate 2007.
3.
Chan JK, Berek JS: Impact of the human papilloma vaccine on cervical cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:2975–2982.
4.
Insinga RP, Dasbach EJ, Elbasha EH: Assessing the annual economic burden of preventing and treating anogenital human papillomavirus-related disease in the US: analytic framework and review of the literature. Pharmacoeconomics 2005;23:1107–1122.
5.
Parkin DM: The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002. Int J Cancer 2006;118:3030–3044.
6.
Fremont AM, Correa-de-Araujo R, Hayes SN: Gender disparities in managed care: it’s time for action. Womens Health Issues 2007;17:116–119.
7.
Kahn JA, Slap GB, Bernstein DI, Tissot AM, Kollar LM, Hillard PA, Rosenthal SL: Personal meaning of human papillomavirus and Pap test results in adolescent and young adult women. Health Psychol 2007;26:192–200.
8.
Wassenaar TR, Eickhoff JC, Jarzemsky DR, Smith SS, Larson ML, Schiller JH: Differences in primary care clinicians’ approach to non-small cell lung cancer patients compared with breast cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2007;2:722–728.
9.
McCaffery K, Forrest S, Waller J, Desai M, Szarewski A, Wardle J: Attitudes towards HPV testing: a qualitative study of beliefs among Indian, Pakistani, African-Caribbean and white British women in the UK. Br J Cancer 2003;88:42–46.
10.
Ohaeri JU, Campbell OB, Ilesanmil AO, Ohaeri BM: Psychosocial concerns of Nigerian women with breast and cervical cancer. Psychooncology 1998;7:494–501.
11.
Perrin KK, Daley EM, Naoom SF, Packing-Ebuen JL, Rayko HL, McFarlane M, McDermott RJ: Women’s reactions to HPV diagnosis: insights from in-depth interviews. Women Health 2006;43:93–110.
12.
Friedman AL, Shepeard H: Exploring the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and communication preferences of the general public regarding HPV: findings from CDC focus group research and implications for practice. Health Educ Behav 2007;34:471–485.
13.
De Melo-Martin I: The promise of the human papillomavirus vaccine does not confer immunity against ethical reflection. Oncologist 2006;11:393–396.
14.
Waller J, Marlow LA, Wardle J: The association between knowledge of HPV and feelings of stigma, shame and anxiety. Sex Transm Infect 2007;83:155–159.
15.
Monk BJ, Wiley DJ: Will widespread human papillomavirus prophylactic vaccination change sexual practices of adolescent and young adult women in America? Obstet Gynecol 2006;108:420–424.
16.
Klitzman R, Bayer R: Truth and Lies in the Age of AIDS. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.
17.
Freeman S: Criminal liability and duty to aid the distressed. Univ Penn Law Review 1994; 142:2001–2040.
18.
Beauchamp T, Childress J: Principles of Biomedical Ethics, ed 5. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2008.
19.
Igneski V: Perfect and imperfect duties to aid. Social Theory Pract 2006;32:439–466.
20.
Malek RS, Goellner JR, Smith TF, Espy MJ, Cupp MR: Human papillomavirus infection and intraepithelial, in situ, and invasive carcinoma of penis. Urology 1993;42:159–170.
21.
Ault KA: Vaccines for the prevention of human papillomavirus and associated gynecologic diseases: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2006;61:S26–S31.
22.
François G, Duclos P, Margolis H, Lavanchy D, Siegrist CA, Meheus A, Lambert PH, Emiroğlu N, Badur S, Van Damme P: Vaccine safety controversies and the future of vaccination programs. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005;24:953–961.
23.
Eickhoff TC, Myers M: Workshop summary: aluminum in vaccines. Vaccine 2002;20:S1–S4.
24.
Harper DM: Human papillomavirus vaccines. UpToDate 2007.
25.
Souayah N, Nasar A, Suri MF, Qureshi AI: Guillain-Barré syndrome after vaccination in United States: a report from the CDC/FDA Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. Vaccine 2007;25:5253–5255.
26.
Schattner A: Consequence or coincidence? The occurrence, pathogenesis and significance of autoimmune manifestations after viral vaccines. Vaccine 2005;23:3876–3886.
27.
Hull SC, Caplan AL: Genital warts: mountains or molehills? Lancet Infect Dis 2008;8:277–278.
28.
Giuliano A, Palefsky J, on behalf of the Male Quadrivalent HPV Vaccine Efficacy Trial Study Group: The efficacy of quadrivalent HPV (types 6/11/16/18) vaccine in reducing the incidence of HPV-related genital disease in young men. EUROGIN Congress, Nice, 2008.
29.
Dempsey AF, Koutsky LA: National burden of genital warts: a first step in defining the problem. Sex Transm Dis 2008;35:361–362.
30.
Dinh TH, Sternberg M, Dunne EF, Markowitz LE: Genital warts among 18- to 59- year-olds in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2004. Sex Transm Dis 2008;35:357–360.
31.
Woodhall S, Ramsey T, Cai C, Crouch S, Jit M, Birks Y, Edmunds J, Newton R, Lacey CJ: Estimation of the impact of genital warts on health-related quality of life. Sex Transm Infect 2008;84:161–166.
32.
Ireland JA, Reid M, Powell R, Petrie KJ: The role of illness perceptions: psychological distress and treatment-seeking delay in patients with genital warts. Int J STD AIDS 2005;16:667–670.
33.
Derkay CS, Darrow DH: Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2006;115:1–11.
34.
Freed GL, Derkay CS: Prevention of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: Role of HPV vaccination. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2006;70:1799–1803.
35.
Chaturvedi AK, Engels EA, Anderson WF, Gillison ML: Incidence trends for human papillomavirus-related and -unrelated oral squamous cell carcinomas in the United States. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:612–619.
36.
Fine P, Mulholland K: Community immunity; in Plotkin S, Orenstein W, Offit P (eds): Vaccines, ed 5. Amsterdam, Elsevier Saunders, 2008, pp 1573–1592.
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.