Early computed tomography coronary angiography in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome: randomised controlled trial

OBJECTIVES To establish if the use of early computed tomography (CT) coronary angiography improves one year clinical outcomes in patients presenting to the emergency department with acute chest pain and at intermediate risk of acute coronary syndrome and subsequent clinical events. DESIGN Randomised controlled trial. SETTING 37 hospitals in the UK. PARTICIPANTS Adults with suspected or a provisional diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome and one or more of previous coronary heart disease, raised levels of cardiac troponin, or abnormal electrocardiogram. INTERVENTIONS Early CT coronary angiography and standard of care compared with standard of care only.


Introduction
Chest pain is one of the commonest complaints in patients presenting to the emergency department. 1 2 These patients are evaluated for acute coronary syndrome with urgent diagnostic investigation so that those with acute myocardial infarction or at risk of acute myocardial infarction receive appropriate treatment promptly.Lack of clarity on the optimal diagnostic pathways, however, has led to the development of risk scores and the use of numerous functional and doi: 10.1136/bmj.n2106][10][11] The trials showed that CT coronary angiography increased rates of discharge from hospital and shortened length of stay compared with usual care.These findings are likely to apply only where usual care for patients at low risk involves high rates of admission and investigation.Participants were at low risk of coronary heart disease (<10%) and consequently had low rates of cardiovascular events (0.1-0.8%), leading some to suggest that non-invasive testing was unnecessary and only clinical evaluation was required. 12 13lthough recommended in guidelines [5][6][7] as a potential strategy for subsequent investigation, the use of early CT coronary angiography in patients presenting with acute chest pain, who are at intermediate risk of acute coronary syndrome and subsequent clinical events, has not been investigated or established.This strategy could identify patients who would benefit from more rapid and appropriate therapeutic interventions, thus improving clinical outcomes. 14 15In those patients without disease, CT coronary angiography might reduce the need for invasive coronary angiography, shorten hospital stay, and avoid repeated admissions to hospital.If CT coronary angiography does not influence investigations, treatments, and outcomes of patients, however, it might increase the cost and risk without any clinical benefit.Our trial aimed to investigate the effect of early CT coronary angiography on the management and outcome of patients with suspected or a provisional diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome, presenting to the emergency department.

Trial design
We performed a prospective, randomised, open, blinded endpoint, parallel group clinical effectiveness trial in 37 hospitals across the UK.The trial protocol has been reported previously. 16

Participants and randomisation
From March 2015 to June 2019, adults with symptoms of suspected acute coronary syndrome or those with a provisional diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome and one or more of previous coronary heart disease, raised levels of cardiac troponin, or abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG), were recruited in the emergency department or hospital admission facilities.Table S1 lists the full eligibility criteria.Written informed consent was provided by all participants who were recruited early after admission to hospital and randomised 1:1, grouped by site, and with variable block sizes (4-8), to early CT coronary angiography with standard of care or standard of care only, with a web based randomisation service to ensure that allocation to the group was concealed.

Trial intervention
ECG gated calcium score and contrast enhanced CT coronary angiograms were conducted with ≥64 slice scanners.All centres were encouraged to use techniques to reduce radiation and heart rate, and to use sublingual glyceryl trinitrate.CT coronary angiograms were reported according to the Society of Cardiovascular CT guidelines 17 and the American Heart Association coronary artery segment model. 18everity of disease was categorised as no coronary artery disease (cross sectional stenosis <10%), mild non-obstructive disease (cross sectional stenosis 10-49%), moderate non-obstructive disease (cross sectional stenosis 50-70%), or obstructive coronary artery disease (cross sectional stenosis >70% or >50% in the left main stem).Standard of care was at the discretion of the attending clinician although guidance on treatment based on the CT coronary angiogram results was provided to all sites (table S2).

Outcomes
An independent clinical endpoint committee, blinded to the trial intervention, adjudicated the trial primary outcomes.The primary endpoint was time to the first event of all cause death or subsequent non-fatal type 1 (spontaneous) or type 4b (related to stent thrombosis) myocardial infarction at one year.Myocardial infarction was defined according to the 2012 universal definition of myocardial infarction. 19Key secondary endpoints were cause of death (coronary heart disease or cardiovascular death) and subsequent myocardial infarction.Table S3 describes the trial endpoints.Several changes were made to the trial protocol, including refining the secondary endpoints during the trial (table S4).The final and most substantial changes were made to align the endpoints with the SCOT-HEART (Scottish Computed Tomography of the HEART) trial to allow direct comparisons (protocol version 7, 24 February 2020). 14 15

Study power and sample size
The original sample size calculation was estimated from a one year death or subsequent myocardial infarction rate of about 20%. 20At 90% power and a two sided P value of <0.05, 2424 evaluable patients were required to detect a reduction in death or subsequent myocardial infarction from 20% to 15% at one year.After review of the first 716 participants, the overall event rate was 6.8% (95% confidence interval 5.2% to 8.9%).Given this lower than anticipated 12 month event rate and the much slower rates of recruitment, we consulted with the trial funder and trial steering committee and recalculated the sample size, with blinded data, to 1735 participants to detect a 3.4% absolute risk reduction at a revised primary event rate of 6.8% with 80% power and a two sided P value <0.05.These reductions in relative effect size have been

Statistical analysis
The trial was reported on an intention to treat basis.Descriptive data are presented as number (percentage), mean (standard deviation), or median (interquartile range).The primary outcome was defined as time to the first event of all cause death or subsequent non-fatal myocardial infarction type 1 or 4b and was analysed with Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for study site (used to stratify the randomisation), global registry of acute coronary events (GRACE) score, 21 and previous coronary heart disease.Study site was included as a random effect and GRACE score with a restricted cubic spline.For patients who left the trial before reaching the primary outcome, time was censored at the last contact date.
Secondary outcomes were analysed with Cox proportional hazards regression for time-to-event outcomes and logistic regression for binary outcomes, and proportional odds logistic regression for ordinal outcomes, adjusted in the same way as the primary outcome.For the primary outcome and key secondary outcomes, we used the fixed sequence method to test for significance; statistical significance was if the outcome, and all prior outcomes listed, had a two sided P value of <0.05. 22Subgroup analyses were performed on the primary outcome for age, sex, GRACE score, previous coronary heart disease, raised levels of cardiac troponin, abnormal ECG, and onsite invasive coronary angiography facilities, with treatment-subgroup interaction in the Cox model.The proportional hazards assumption was checked for the time-to-event outcomes, and we found evidence of non-proportional hazards only for the outcome of non-invasive coronary artery disease or myocardial ischaemia testing.The analysis was performed with SAS software (version 9.4, SAS System for Windows).

Patient and public involvement
The trial team liaised with members of the Sheffield Emergency Care Forum (a patient and public representative group that provides independent advice on emergency care related research) during the grant application where they reviewed the proposal and provided advice on study design, patient procedures, and ethical issues, which helped inform the final submission and subsequent study design.The forum was also consulted during the development of the trial information (patient information letters, consents, general practitioner letter), and the documents were amended to incorporate their feedback, which helped improve the usability of the documents.During trial delivery, patient representatives participated in the trial steering committee and were involved in the oversight of the trial throughout its duration.The forum provided valuable feedback about the patient perspective throughout the trial, which helped guide the decision making of the trial team.The Sheffield Emergency Care Forum helped develop the plain English summary for the final funder report.Members of the forum will help develop material to allow us to disseminate the trial findings to the public.

Participants
Between 23 March 2015 and 27 June 2019, we recruited 1749 patients, with 1748 participants available for analysis (fig 1).Recruitment stopped when the revised recruitment target was reached in June 2019, and the trial ended when the planned follow-up was subsequently completed in July 2020.The mean age of participants was 61.6 (12.6) years, and 1114 (64%) were men.At recruitment, 601 (34%) participants had previous coronary heart disease, 1004 (57%) had raised levels of cardiac troponin, and 1064 (61%) had an abnormal ECG.Chest pain was the primary complaint in 1549 (89%) participants, with 857 (49%) diagnosed as having an acute coronary syndrome (myocardial infarction or unstable angina) at discharge from their index admission to hospital (table S5).The mean GRACE score was 115 (35) with 410 (23%) participants having a GRACE score >140.Baseline characteristics and follow-up were similar for the two groups (table 1 and fig 1).

Intervention
Of those patients randomised to CT coronary angiography, 767 (87.5%) underwent CT coronary angiography; table S6 provides the reasons for nonadherence.Median time from randomisation to CT coronary angiography was 4.2 (interquartile range 1.6-21.6)hours (fig S1).The CT coronary angiography scan was of diagnostic quality in 700 (91.3%) patients, with a median effective radiation dose of 5.8 (3.5-10.3)mSv (0.026 mSv/mGy cm conversion factor) and was associated with four related adverse events (one readmission with a possibly related noncardiac condition and three non-serious adverse events related to the intravenous cannula).In the standard of care arm, 48 (5.5%) participants had a CT coronary angiogram within 30 days of randomisation.CT coronary angiography identified normal coronary arteries in 178 (23%) patients, non-obstructive disease in 222 (29%), and obstructive disease in 359 (47%) (table 2).

Primary and key secondary outcomes
The primary outcome of all cause death or non-fatal myocardial infarction (type 1 or 4b) at one year occurred in 51 (5.8%) of the 877 participants in the early CT coronary angiography arm and in 53 (6.1%) of the 871 participants in the standard of care arm (adjusted hazard ratio 0.91 (95% confidence interval 0.62 to 1.35), P=0.65; fig 2 and table 3).For the prespecified subgroup analysis for the primary outcome, we found no significant heterogeneity for any comparison (fig 3).We found no evidence of a difference between allocated treatment arms for any of the key secondary outcomes (table 3).Other clinical outcomes (death from coronary heart disease or subsequent myocardial infarction type 1 or 4b; subsequent myocardial infarction type 1 or 4b; and non-cardiovascular death) were also similar (table S7).

Processes of care and other outcomes
Satisfaction of participants (rated excellent or very good on a five point Likert scale) was higher in the early CT coronary angiography arm than in the standard of care arm (adjusted odds ratio 1.25 (95% confidence interval 1.02 to 1.53), P=0.03; table 4).The attending clinician reported increased diagnostic certainty after CT coronary angiography: mean increase of 1.4 (2.2) on a 0-10 scale (from 7.1 to 8.5, with 10 being most certain).
Fewer participants in the CT coronary angiography arm received invasive coronary angiography: 474 (54.0%) compared with 530 (60.8%) in the standard of care arm (adjusted hazard ratio 0.81 (95% confidence interval 0.72 to 0.92), P=0.001; table 5 and fig 4).Despite fewer invasive coronary angiograms in the CT coronary angiography arm, we found no evidence of a difference in the rates of coronary revascularisation by group (adjusted hazard ratio 1.03 (0.87 to 1.21), P=0.76; table 5 and  fig 4).In a post hoc analysis, subsequent rates of non-invasive testing for coronary artery disease and myocardial ischaemia were lower in the CT coronary angiography arm: 170 (19.4%) compared with 228 (26.2%) in the standard of care arm (adjusted hazard ratio 0.66, 0.54 to 0.81, P<0.001), although for other cardiac investigations (echocardiography and rhythm monitoring) no evidence of a difference was found (adjusted hazard ratio 0.92, 0.81 to 1.04, P=0.19; table 5 and fig 5).
Drug treatments for acute coronary syndrome were prescribed in hospital for 595 (67.8%) participants in the CT coronary angiography arm and in 580 (66.6%) in the standard of care arm (adjusted odds ratio 1.06 (95% confidence interval 0.85 to 1.32), P=0.63).At hospital discharge, the change in prescription for preventive treatments was similar: 554 (63.2%) participants in the CT coronary angiography arm compared with 539 (61.9%) in the standard of care arm (1.07 (0.87 to 1.32), P=0.52,

Principal findings
This multicentre, randomised controlled trial aimed to establish the clinical effectiveness of early CT coronary angiography in the management and outcome of patients presenting to the emergency department with suspected acute coronary syndrome or with a provisional diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome.We found no evidence that CT coronary angiography had an effect on the one year rate of death or subsequent non-fatal myocardial infarction.Also, no evidence of benefit for any of the prespecified subgroup analyses or key secondary outcomes, or length of stay, was found.We conclude that the routine use of early CT coronary angiography is not an appropriate strategy to reduce one year clinical events in intermediate risk patients with acute chest pain.We recruited a large population of patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome or those with a provisional diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome who had a spectrum of risk, reflected in the range of GRACE scores.Our trial population was equally composed of those who had or did not have a final diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome, and those who had or did not have obstructive coronary artery disease, a population that was truly representative of patients with an intermediate level of risk.The use of early CT coronary angiography had no effect on rates of treatments for acute coronary syndrome, with similar rates of use of drug treatment for acute coronary syndrome, coronary revascularisation, and preventive treatments at discharge from hospital.These findings are likely to reflect the high sensitivity of current clinical assessment, combining testing for cardiac troponin with a 12 lead ECG.Current practice therefore provided limited opportunity for CT coronary angiography to identify patients with unrecognised acute coronary syndrome caused by coronary heart disease.Moreover, for CT coronary angiography to improve adverse coronary events, it would need to alter the management of patients.These changes have been seen in previous studies of patients with stable chest pain where CT coronary angiography improved the detection of unrecognised coronary artery disease, increasing the use of preventive treatments and coronary revascularisation.These changes in management were associated with reduced rates of subsequent death from coronary heart disease or non-fatal myocardial infarction. 14 15 n our population of patients with acute chest pain and relatively high rates of invasive coronary angiography and coronary revascularisation, we found no such changes.We might have recruited too many patients who were at high risk of disease and therefore were candidates for inpatient invasive coronary angiography.However, more than three quarters of participants had a low or intermediate GRACE risk score, and less than 50% had obstructive coronary artery disease.In our prespecified subgroup analyses, no evidence of heterogeneity of effect for the primary outcome according to the level of risk was found.These subgroups are the focus of contemporary guidelines, [5][6][7] which attempt to define intermediate risk groups suitable for observation and additional testing, including CT coronary angiography.We could not show an effect of CT coronary angiography on one year clinical outcomes in any of these subgroups or risk categories.

Benefits of early CT coronary angiography
Early CT coronary angiography was associated with some benefits.Patients valued the use of CT coronary angiography, possibly reflecting a quicker evaluation of their clinical condition and the enhanced diagnostic certainty of the attending clinician.CT coronary angiography was also associated with a reduction in invasive coronary angiography, contrasting with previous trials of acute chest pain where CT coronary angiography was associated with increased rates of invasive angiography. 8-11 23This disparity likely reflects differences in trial populations, especially the baseline risk and prevalence of coronary heart disease.][10][11] Moreover, recent adoption of high sensitivity troponin testing has supported earlier clinical decision making [3][4][5][6][7] but  has misidentified many patients who do not have myocardial infarction. 24The strength of CT coronary angiography is its high negative predictive value for coronary artery disease, which applies to all risk groups, including those patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. 25We found that 40-50% of patients with normal or non-obstructive coronary artery disease had raised levels of cardiac troponin.Our finding of a 19% relative reduction in the hazard for invasive coronary angiography likely reflects the exclusion of obstructive coronary artery disease, thereby avoiding unnecessary invasive coronary angiography, especially in patients with raised levels of cardiac troponin not attributable to myocardial infarction or obstructive coronary artery disease.The reduction in invasive coronary angiography was not associated with differences in overall rates of coronary revascularisation or clinical events, suggesting excellent diagnostic accuracy and continued appropriate coronary revascularisation for those with obstructive coronary artery disease.Also, CT coronary angiography was associated with a reduction in the need for further downstream testing for ischaemia, underlying its use in diagnosis and the associated improved diagnostic certainty reported by clinicians.

Comparison with other studies
Previous trials [8][9][10] have used CT coronary angiography for early and safe discharge of low risk patients from the emergency department.These studies were mostly designed to look at length of stay, but meta-analyses 11 23 indicated that early CT coronary angiography was not only associated with shorter lengths of stay but also with increased rates of invasive angiography and coronary revascularisation.These findings were not replicated in a multicentre trial of 500 low risk patients where rates of coronary angiography, revascularisation, and clinical events were unchanged by CT coronary angiography. 26Our trial provided data for those at higher risk than these previous studies and showed that the influence of CT coronary angiography was different in this population of patients.We found that CT coronary angiography can avoid unnecessary coronary angiography without affecting rates of coronary revascularisation.For hospitals with no ready access to invasive coronary angiography facilities, CT coronary angiography could therefore be a useful approach to identify those patients who do not require transfer to another hospital or further evaluation with invasive coronary angiography.Previous comparisons of early CT coronary angiography compared with invasive coronary angiography have shown that up to 80% of invasive angiography can be avoided in patients with a low prevalence of coronary artery disease. 27 28We found a more modest reduction in angiography in our trial, reflecting the greater prevalence of obstructive coronary heart disease in our study population.Also, many patients underwent invasive angiography and, for these participants, CT coronary angiography increased exposure to radiation and contrast, although median effective radiation doses were low, and no serious adverse reactions were found.Although undertaking CT coronary angiography in acutely unwell patients can be challenging, we found that more than 90% of the CT coronary angiograms were of diagnostic quality, comparing favourably with previous studies of CT coronary angiography in patients with stable 14 15 and acute chest pain. 25Also, the CT coronary angiograms clearly identified those with and without obstructive coronary artery disease, and this finding is reflected in the differences in the selection of those who later underwent invasive coronary angiography and coronary revascularisation.Our findings are consistent with previous studies 25 29 and suggest that CT coronary angiography could safely be used as a first line investigation where onsite invasive angiography is not available or there is a delay in availability, or in patients where the clinical diagnosis of myocardial infarction is uncertain.

Limitations of the trial
The trial had some limitations.Open trials have the potential for bias.By design, however, the primary endpoint was assessed by an independent clinical endpoint committee who were blinded to group allocation.Also, the trial intervention did not affect the overall rates of treatment for acute coronary syndrome directed by clinicians despite improving diagnostic certainty and reducing the use of invasive coronary angiography.During the trial, we had to compromise on accepting a larger estimate for relative effect size for the trial intervention after recalculation of the sample size to account for a much lower number of primary outcome events and lower recruitment rates than anticipated.
Several reasons could explain why the event rate was lower than the original estimate, and likely reflects the better diagnostic accuracy of newer high sensitive troponin assays and improvements in the management of patients in the past decade.Greater estimates for relative effect size have been reported in previous trials 8 10 11 30 although our point estimate was similar to a recent meta-analysis, 23 which indicated a hazard ratio for subsequent myocardial

Fig 3 |
Fig 3 | Prespecified subgroup analyses of one year all cause death or non-fatal myocardial infarction (type 1 or 4b).GRACE=global registry of acute coronary events; CTCA=computed tomography coronary angiography Ser. Protected by copyright.on 25 October 2021 at University of Plymouth -Library A. Henderson-Lib & Media http://www.bmj.com/BMJ: first published as 10.1136/bmj.n2106on 29 September 2021.Downloaded from reported in previous meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials of low risk patients presenting to the emergency department. 11

table 4
). Median length of hospital stay was longer in the CT coronary angiography arm: 2.2 (interquartile range Fig 1 | Flowchart of recruitment and participants.CT=computed tomography; CTCA=computed tomography coronary angiography Ser.Protected by copyright.on 25 October 2021 at University of Plymouth -Library A. Henderson-Lib & Media http://www.bmj.com/BMJ: first published as 10.1136/bmj.n2106on 29 September 2021.Downloaded from

Table 2 |
Clinical characteristics and subsequent management according to CT coronary angiogram findings in participants randomised to CT coronary angiography GRACE=global registry of acute coronary events; SD=standard deviation.*Treatmentforacute coronary syndrome prescribed during index admission to hospital.†Primaryorsecondary prevention treatment started, stopped, or dose altered during index admission to hospital.Eight participants had CT coronary angiography from which the coronary arteries were not classified as normal, non-obstructive disease, or obstructive disease, and these participants have not been included.Fig 2 | Cumulative incidence of primary endpoint of one year all cause death or nonfatal myocardial infarction (type 1 or 4b).CTCA=computed tomography coronary angiography Ser.Protected by copyright.on 25 October 2021 at University of Plymouth -Library A. Henderson-Lib & Media http://www.bmj.com/BMJ: first published as 10.1136/bmj.n2106on 29 September 2021.Downloaded from

Table 3 |
Primary and key secondary outcomes Data are number (%) unless stated otherwise.Adjusted hazard ratios are from models adjusting for study site, GRACE (global registry of acute coronary events) score, and previous coronary heart disease.CT=computed tomography.*Nominal P values provided for secondary outcomes given the primary outcome was not statistically significant.

Table 4 |
Medical treatment and other outcomes n=689 for CT coronary angiography and standard of care; n=627 for standard of care only.†Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios are from post hoc analysis with proportional odds logistic regression model to estimate the common odds ratio for higher levels of satisfaction. *

Table 5 |
Processes of care outcomes over 12 months Stress echocardiogram, stress magnetic resonance imaging, stress nuclear myocardial perfusion imaging, exercise electrocardiogram, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging or angiogram, or CT coronary angiogram not as trial intervention.†Echocardiogram or electrocardiographic rhythm monitoring.‡Evidence of non-proportional hazards was found, and unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios are reported as estimates indicative of the average effect. * Cumulative incidence of invasive coronary angiography (top) and coronary revascularisation (bottom).One participant in each of the treatment arms had unknown date of invasive coronary angiography and one participant in CTCA + standard of care arm had unknown date of coronary revascularisation and therefore these participants were not included in the time-to-event analyses.CTCA=computed tomography coronary angiography doi: 10.1136/bmj.n2106|BMJ2021;374:n2106 | the bmj infarction of 0.88 when CT coronary angiography was used in patients with acute chest pain.Although the lower confidence boundary of the primary endpoint included a clinically meaningful reduction in events, the lack of effect on treatment interventions reinforces our view that early CT coronary angiography is unlikely to influence subsequent myocardial infarction, and a larger trial with greater power would be unlikely to detect a more modest clinically meaningful effect on one year outcomes.Finally, longer term follow-up might identify further benefits in outcomes, especially if preventive treatments are more accurately targeted.ConclusionsEarly CT coronary angiography in intermediate risk patients presenting to the emergency department with suspected acute coronary syndrome or those with a provisional diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome, had no effect on the overall treatment and prevention of the disease or one year outcomes, and was associated with an increase in the length of hospital stay.These findings do not support the routine use of early CT coronary angiography in intermediate risk patients presenting to the emergency department with acute chest pain.Cumulative incidence of non-invasive coronary artery disease or myocardial ischaemia testing (top) and other non-invasive cardiac investigations (bottom) from post hoc analysis.Evidence of non-proportional hazards for non-invasive coronary artery disease or myocardial ischaemia testing was found, and adjusted hazard ratio was reported as an estimate indicative of the average effect.One participant in CTCA + standard of care arm had unknown date of exercise electrocardiogram and one participant in each treatment arm had unknown date of cardiac magnetic resonance angiogram and therefore these participants were not included in the time-to-event analysis for non-invasive coronary artery disease or myocardial ischaemia testing.One participant in standard of care only arm had unknown date of echocardiogram and therefore this participant was not included in the time-to-event analysis for other noninvasive cardiac investigations.CTCA=computed tomography coronary angiography Ser.Protected by copyright.on 25 October 2021 at University of Plymouth -Library A. Henderson-Lib & Media http://www.bmj.com/BMJ: first published as 10.1136/bmj.n2106on 29 September 2021.Downloaded from