Racial and ethnic health disparities in healthcare settings

Varying degrees of trust

A Wellcome Trust survey found, however, that just 57% of people from black and Asian ethnic groups had either “complete” or “a great deal of” trust in covid-19 scientific advice, compared with 75% of people from white backgrounds.2 Information on how to minimise the risk of getting or spreading covid-19 was also less clear to people from black and Asian ethnic groups—52% compared with 71% of white people. This finding was reinforced by Public Health England’s review, which acknowledged how official guidance and messages about covid-19 were conflicting and difficult to interpret.1

The concern is that covid-19 research will follow the historical trend of under-representation of ethnic minorities in clinical and public health studies.3 Last year, The BMJ’s special issue on racism in medicine underlined how gaps in routine data, national surveys, and commissioned research lead to neglect in UK policy because evidence on how to meet the health needs of ethnic minority groups is inadequate.45 This is echoed in recent concerns of under-representation of ethnic minority groups in covid-19 therapeutic and vaccine trials, adding further urgency to tackling this problem.67 An editorial in The BMJ called for a “culturally competent” vaccination programme, highlighting the increased prevalence of vaccine hesitancy among ethnic minority groups.7

As we rebuild after covid-19 we must include marginalised groups in health service transformation and medical research. Community organisations hold the key to understanding and tackling racial and ethnic health disparities, and Healthwatch England, with its 151 subsidiary local organisations, offers a nationally replicable model for achieving this objective. Healthwatch’s statutory responsibility to engage with local people in designing health and care services should be extended to public health campaigns and research. For example, Healthwatch Central West London has helped National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) clinical research networks to reach out to diverse groups in their community based covid-19 research and has held focus groups to understand the unique experiences of specific ethnic minority groups, avoiding a homogenous approach to ethnicity.8

Community organisations established with specific ethnic groups in mind also have a vital role. Responding to poor engagement with talking therapies for mental health problems among black people in the London Borough of Lambeth, local community partnership Black Thrive conducted a survey showing the need for support from black therapists with lived experience of racism and discrimination.9 The organisation is now piloting “healing spaces” led by black people and will share its findings with Lambeth’s mental health services.

The recently established NIHR Race Equality Public Action Group aims to give ethnic minority communities a stronger voice in shaping research and its practical applications.10 It is hoped that the group will have the opportunity to democratise public participation, partly through involving community organisations. Furthermore, equalities minister Kemi Badenoch recently announced a £25m (€29m; $35m) “community champions” scheme to improve the reach of official public health guidance and other messaging about coronavirus into specific places and groups most at risk from covid-19.11 She acknowledged that local councils are best placed to engage local communities.

Funding is key

But we cannot expect community organisations to tackle the immense challenges ahead if no effort is made to reverse the damaging effects of a decade’s worth of funding cuts.12 Last year, in a letter to the secretary of state for health and social care, the chair of Healthwatch England, Robert Francis QC, described how the “network’s resources continue to shrink and in some areas are becoming unviable,” risking “stifling the voice of health and care users.”13

Despite evidence of the health system’s failure to involve people from ethnic minority groups, and multiple national reviews calling for better community engagement as key to tackling disparities, we are yet to see substantial levels of tangible, financial commitment to improve inclusion. The potential of community organisations can be fully harnessed only if there is “buy-in” from local health and social care partners. All researchers and healthcare professionals have a duty to ensure that research and health service design involve the communities they intend to serve.