Asking the right question: implementation research to accelerate national non-communicable disease responses
BMJ 2019; 365 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l1868 (Published 20 May 2019) Cite this as: BMJ 2019;365:l1868- David H Peters, professor1,
- Michael A Peters, doctoral student1,
- Kremlin Wickramasinghe, technical officer2 ,
- Patrick L Osewe, chief health sector expert3,
- Patricia M Davidson, dean4
- 1Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA
- 2World Health Organization European Office for Prevention and Control of NCDs, Russian Federation
- 3Asian Development Bank, Philippines
- 4Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Secretariat, World Health Organization Collaborating Centres of Nursing and Midwifery, USA
- Correspondence to: D H Peters, dpeters{at}jhu.edu
Faced by the global growth of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), national governments are finding ways to develop, finance, and respond to protect their people’s health.1 The 2018 United Nations General Assembly high level meeting on NCDs set an agenda from strategy to action.2 Each country faces challenges in implementing NCD policies, programmes, and interventions effectively. This is particularly difficult in countries where there are limited data about NCDs, and where resources are limited. For example, many of the “best buys” in NCDs have not been assessed in low and middle income countries, which are facing an abrupt rise in the burden of these diseases.3 Implementation research provides a useful set of theories, approaches, and tools to turn strategies into implemented programmes. It creates solutions in a wide variety of settings.456 This article examines ways to identify implementation bottlenecks and opportunities and translate these into questions about policy that can be answered through research.
Many governments have developed national NCD policies and strategies since the World Health Organization’s global action plan was adopted.1 These plans recognise that many NCDs are strongly influenced by social determinants of health and have major social, political, and economic consequences. Each country is concerned whether their NCD plans will achieve ambitious targets. In many instances this requires challenging not only social norms but also business and policy to deal with social determinants of health. Building capacity to work across public and private sectors and overcoming vested interests for the common good are not easy tasks.
There are many barriers to carrying out NCD plans. Overcoming these barriers may require organisational change, new ways of working, and adoption of theoretically derived models. Achieving this involves encouraging the development of leadership through all levels within and across organisations, enabling changes based on data and problem solving, and engaging relevant stakeholders. These approaches highlight the need for data and the use of implementation research.
Role of implementation research
Implementation research can be most useful for identifying the challenges faced by NCD programmes and how to deal with them. Policy makers, managers, healthcare providers, and citizen groups often worry about implementation of NCD strategies. These concerns are not typically framed as answerable questions and are not prioritised using rigorous methods. Implementation research helps to fill these gaps by framing and answering practical questions through scientific methods.
Reviews of national NCD plans and strategies highlight the challenges and opportunities faced by countries from different regions and with different income levels (Australia, Brazil, Indonesia, Kenya, Norway, Turkey). They provide a basis for research questions that can deal with them (see web table on bmj.com).789101112 All these national plans describe better ways of identifying and engaging key stakeholders to promote their NCD programmes. Enabling stakeholders to support control of NCD plans is a common approach, either through allocating resources or giving them a larger role in design and implementation. Many plans also cite the need to break down barriers between disciplinary groups and specific health programmes. However, many of these divisions are deeply entrenched across professional societies, funding bodies, and non-governmental organisations. Responding to this requires an increased sophistication in research methods and behaviour change.
Despite the fact that we found no explicit reference to key actors who work against NCD control objectives, we think this is an important problem, particularly in societies where the private sector is weakly regulated. Identifying groups whose interests may oppose NCD control strategies and methods of dealing with them would probably be achieved by conducting a stakeholder analysis. This is a method commonly used in implementation research. In many countries, aggressive marketing of tobacco, alcohol, and unhealthy food is a tough opponent in promotion of positive health messages. Multidisciplinary approaches are often needed. These might include combining spatial analysis with policy and business interventions to consider how “food deserts” or “food swamps” put poor neighbourhoods at risk in Australia.13 Greater focus should be on research and accountability of powerful commercial interests.
Another common thread throughout the plans is the focus on prevention and the need to shift from care models organised around diseases to person centred approaches. Most of the national NCD plans were also concerned with developing the personnel needed to deliver NCD programmes (eg, Indonesia, Kenya, Turkey). They also had similar interests in finding ways to improve the quality of clinical NCD services through frontline providers. The strategies often expressed a need for innovation and better application of information technology. This might include more sophisticated data systems, infrastructure for managing programmes at the population level, as well as for self management across life transitions, and better continuity of care across different types of providers (eg, Australia, Indonesia, Kenya). Implementation research questions relevant to these topics are often concerned with understanding and dealing with the barriers to acceptance and adoption of NCD strategies among those expected to carry them out and those expected to benefit from them.
Stakeholders in an NCD programme may see implementation challenges differently. Politicians, or policy makers in ministries of finance, health, industry, or other sectors related to NCDs, or programme managers, frontline health providers, citizens groups, or the researchers themselves may have different priorities. This diversity of interests and power greatly affects research. To accelerate national NCD action plans, it is important to organise implementation research questions around the concerns of the primary audience, such as national health and finance policy makers or local organisations. None the less, it will also be important to understand and deal with the concerns of each of the main stakeholders if a programme is to succeed, including those whose interests oppose NCD control objectives. One approach would include testing ways in which relevant groups might join the effort (eg, encouraging food outlets to provide healthy food, reducing salt in diets, ensuring affordable and accessible pharmaceuticals for chronic conditions), or assessing ways to restrict damaging products (eg, introducing taxes on cigarettes and alcohol, regulating automobile emissions).
Turning implementation problems into answerable questions
Researchers can work with key stakeholders to help translate implementation challenges into answerable research questions. Together with decision makers they can encourage mature communication that focuses on responding to the needs of decision makers. Researchers are often able to combine research evidence to identify how interventions have worked elsewhere. This is useful for providing alternatives or benchmarks in discussions with decision makers. Local knowledge can be obtained by joint meetings to discuss programme and research concerns, or through more structured approaches, such as planned discussion between policy makers and researchers.14 For example, “reverse research days” can be held where programme implementers present their challenges to researchers. Researchers then respond by trying to turn the problems into research questions, based on data that that can be obtained. Another approach is to embed researchers in ministries of health. Some innovative approaches have involved “implementer led research,” where the principal investigator on a research project is an implementer, while the researcher serves as a co-investigator.1516 Other strategies involve setting up research units in ministries of health to commission or conduct research seen as relevant to the government, or having staff exchanges between government and universities.
One recent example is the Kenya NCD symposium that focused on research for actionable policies.17 Key stakeholders from government, civil society, business, and academia met for two days to consider whether the implementation research conducted in Kenya supported the government’s NCD strategy.8 If it did not, they considered how the country might better use health research to inform policy and practice. Top research priorities included an assessment of how current strategies were working; how to generate communication messages based on evidence; assessment of the human resources, financial, and infrastructural capacity to deliver NCD programmes; and how to develop systematic ways of using data and fill research gaps.17
What should programmes examine?
There is no shortage of implementation research questions that can be asked in forging an NCD agenda. It is helpful to have a systematic approach to prioritise the order and importance of the implementation research. Numerous theories and frameworks provide useful ways of understanding what factors affect outcomes, of evaluating policies and programmes, or ways of translating research into practice.18 One approach is to examine the continuum of implementation concerns (table 1). This approach begins by asking scoping questions about the context, key stakeholders, NCD conditions, or interventions that can affect the introduction of NCD programmes. One such review of NCD programmes was conducted in Turkey to identify challenges that required investigation and action.19 Systematically examining NCD challenges for the set of “implementation outcome variables” can also be very helpful.414 As shown in table 1, this requires assessment of implementation barriers and opportunities through a series of questions. These start from acceptability to adoption, relevance, feasibility, fidelity, adaptation, cost, coverage, effectiveness, and sustainability, as well as questions about the future course of implementation. Different stakeholders may be interested in particular outcomes. For example, Ministries of Finance often want to know about cost effectiveness of an intervention to justify paying for it. The effectiveness of NCD strategies may be reduced through one or more of the outcome variables. This is not necessarily a linear process, though some implementation outcomes are more pressing at different times during the introduction of a strategy. As noted in the six national NCD plans reviewed, many had initial questions about the acceptance and adoption of interventions, and strategies to provide them. Over time there is likely to be growing interest in questions about feasibility, fidelity, coverage, cost, and effectiveness. For longer term outcomes it is critical to deal with questions of sustainability from the start, so that strategies are not designed to be merely short term.20
From research question to conduct
Once the research questions and methods are well formulated, it is necessary to ensure that what is planned is likely to serve the intended purposes of the research. One way is to check whether the research has the desired characteristics that will promote its application (box 1). Another is to ensure that those commissioning the research, the programme implementers, the researchers, and, in many cases, the intended beneficiaries, have mutually agreed expectations and consider potentially unintended consequences.
A checklist for implementation research
Is the research question relevant to the primary audience of the research (eg, national policy maker)?
Is there potential for application of results?
Is it timely to the needs of the decision maker, and when decisions need to be made?
Is the research itself acceptable (to policy makers, but also to implementers, beneficiaries)?
Is the research feasible given the time, financial, and personnel constraints?
Is the research ethically acceptable?
Concluding thoughts
Implementation research provides an opportunity to include key stakeholders in identifying main barriers to implementation of NCD action plans. The pragmatism and rigour of implementation science that is tailored and targeted to real world concerns is compelling. Systematically dealing with questions about NCD programmes serves the immediate purpose of advancing NCD action plans. The broad and multifaceted dimensions of NCD prevention, management, and treatment require us to consider a broader range of people involved in health and social services, including government and non-state personnel. This will challenge us to think in new ways about how NCD strategies will be funded and implemented beyond more traditional disease specific programmes. Answers to questions of political leadership and accountability are also needed and are particularly important as healthcare is increasingly politicised. Yet the type of problem solving at the heart of implementation research also builds capacity in NCD programmes. Implementation research fosters reflexivity and learning organisations that can continuously improve through informed decision making, increased accountability, and greater involvement and empowerment of key stakeholders.
Key messages
Non-communicable disease (NCD) programmes can be more effective if they identify barriers to implementation
A systematic approach to identifying researchable questions based on these barriers is a critical step
Policy makers, programme managers, frontline health workers, patients, and people at risk of NCDs have different priorities that are worth researching
Implementation research should be fit for purpose to meet the needs of those asking the question, and should balance trade offs between timeliness, costs, and the strength and type of evidence needed to answer the question
Footnotes
Contributors and sources:DHP has expertise in health systems and implementation research in low and middle income countries. MAP, PLO, KW, and PMD are experts in NCD programmes and have programme and policy or implementation research experience in different regions of the world (MAP and PLO in Africa and Asia; KW in Europe; and PMD in Australia and high income countries). DHP wrote the first draft of the manuscript. The other authors each analysed particular country NCD plans in their area of experience, wrote the web annex table summarising the country cases, and contributed to revisions of the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests: We have read and understood BMJ policy on declaration of interests and have no relevant interests to declare.
Provenance and peer review: Commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
This article is part of a series proposed by the WHO Global Coordination Mechanism on NCDs and commissioned by The BMJ, which peer reviewed, edited, and made the decisions to publish. Open access fees are funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations (IFPMA), UNOPS Defeat-NCD Partnership, Government of the Russian Federation, and WHO.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution IGO License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/igo/), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction for non-commercial purposes in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.