The future of the Quality and Outcomes Framework in England
BMJ 2017; 359 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j4681 (Published 17 October 2017) Cite this as: BMJ 2017;359:j4681- Martin Marshall, professor of healthcare improvement1,
- Martin Roland, emeritus professor of health services research2
- martin.marshall{at}ucl.ac.uk
To describe the Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF)—one of the most ambitious pay-for-performance schemes introduced into any health system—as divisive would be an understatement. Launched in the UK in 2004 as a way of encouraging adherence to specified evidence based elements of general practice care, QOF has changed the nature of general practice in ways that have polarised those who work in the sector and external commentators.1
Advocates highlight how patient care, especially for those with long term conditions, is now more structured, more systematic, and more likely to be based on high quality research evidence. They point out the rapid progress with computerisation that followed the implementation of the initiative, how better data are being used in more effective ways, and how work has been distributed more efficiently between a larger and more diverse primary care workforce. And they celebrate the extent to which these improvements have taken place across nearly every practice in the country.
Others have expressed concerns about both the intended and the unintended consequences of QOF. Critics claim that using financial incentives to focus attention on aspects of care that are easily measured has diverted attention from interpersonal elements that are less easily objectified. They say that clinical care for single diseases has been prioritised over holistic care for patients with multiple health problems. They describe how doctors have been deprofessionalised by a culture driven by computer prompts and box ticking, and how biomedical and policy agendas have been given a higher priority than what is important to patients. And they claim that the potential of QOF to incentivise continuous improvement is limited, given that many practices achieved maximum remuneration within a year of the scheme’s introduction.
Has QOF worked?
Although many changes have been made to structures and working processes, a big question is whether QOF has improved outcomes for patients. The evidence is far from convincing. Observational studies suggest modest improvements in some aspects of clinical care,23 a small reduction in the rate of increase of emergency admissions for incentivised conditions,4 but no clear effect on overall mortality.5 There is little empirical evidence that QOF has a negative impact on the coordination or integration of care, the provision of holistic care, or patient experience, but little sign of benefit either.6 These findings are consistent with evidence from other parts of the world, that financial incentives are often less effective than those who bring them in expect.7
QOF has become increasingly unpopular with GPs, partly because of the administrative demands of the scheme at a time of rising workload, and partly because of indicators introduced in the past few years that were poorly evidence based or seemed to tackle a managerial rather than a clinical agenda. Inevitably, questions are being asked about its future. In 2015, the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) called for it to be replaced by a system of payment that encouraged a more holistic approach to patient care.8 In 2016 QOF was abolished in Scotland and replaced by a requirement for GPs to take part in local peer led quality improvement activities (GP Quality Clusters).9 Some localities in England have replaced QOF with local incentive schemes, and earlier this year NHS England said that it was committed, in principle, to removing QOF altogether.10 The BMA, however, has called for it to be retained, in part because of the likely disruption and the risk to practice income if it were abolished.11
Opportunity for the future
QOF should be changed only if whatever replaces it is better for patients, for individual practices, and for the sustainability of general practice as a specialty. There are a number of principles that should guide any replacement. Firstly, there may be a case for retaining a limited number of indicators with clear relationships to health outcome—or at least measuring these to ensure that quality does not decline when incentives are removed. Secondly, whatever replaces QOF must build on the professionalism and goodwill that still exists in general practice: Scotland has made a bold statement of confidence in the profession, and England could be equally courageous. Thirdly, in line with the recently published position statement on quality from the RCGP,12 new arrangements should place a greater emphasis on encouraging a process of continuous improvement in care rather than the attainment of standards. A focus on these last two will recognise the value of the more complex activities that general practice must pursue, such as managing uncertainty, engaging with the social determinants of health, and encouraging shared decision making with patients.
Fifteen years ago we asked whether QOF would be the renaissance or the requiem for general practice.13 It has been neither. Most commentators agree that it has resulted in some benefits and caused some harm. Policy makers and the profession now have an opportunity to move on and do better.
Footnotes
Provenance: Commissioned, not peer reviewed.
Competing interests: MM is vice chair of the Royal College of General Practitioners. MR advised the Department of Health and the BMA during the development of the Quality and Outcomes Framework from 2001 to 2003.