Is caviar a risk factor for being a millionaire?
BMJ 2016; 355 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i6536 (Published 09 December 2016) Cite this as: BMJ 2016;355:i6536
- Anders Huitfeldt, postdoctoral scholar
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Correspondence to: A Huitfeldt ahuitfel{at}stanford.edu
The risk factor approach to epidemiology was introduced by the Framingham Heart Study investigators,1 2 who first alluded to the idea in 1951.3 The first use of the term “factor of risk” appeared in 1961,4 but it was not precisely defined. The resulting semantic confusion has hindered precise communication about study design and data analysis. To illustrate the problem, let us suppose that you want to study the causes and distribution of personal wealth. You have a secretive friend, and, among other questions, you are interested in knowing whether he is a millionaire. You are aware that there are some attributes, or risk factors, that are thought to be linked to being a millionaire. You decide to investigate.
What is a risk factor?
The first step is to choose your definition of risk factor. Clinical research can generally be divided into four broad objectives based on the intended use of the information obtained by the study: diagnosis, prognosis, treatment effects, and aetiology. Each of these research objectives is associated with a different definition. Table 1⇓ gives examples of how these four definitions of risk factor are used in the scientific literature and shows how each definition describes a different relation between the dependent variable and the independent variable.
- In this window
- In a new window
Objectives of clinical research and associated definitions of risk factor
A variable may qualify as a risk factor under more than one definition of the term. For example, cholesterol is believed to be a risk factor for heart disease under each of the four definitions. However, it is generally not plausible to assume that a variable that is a risk factor according to one definition will always be a risk factor under the …
Log in
Log in using your username and password
Log in through your institution
Subscribe from £184 *
Subscribe and get access to all BMJ articles, and much more.
* For online subscription
Access this article for 1 day for:
£50 / $60/ €56 (excludes VAT)
You can download a PDF version for your personal record.