Treatment of breast infection
BMJ 2011; 342 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d396 (Published 11 February 2011) Cite this as: BMJ 2011;342:d396
All rapid responses
Rapid responses are electronic comments to the editor. They enable our users to debate issues raised in articles published on bmj.com. A rapid response is first posted online. If you need the URL (web address) of an individual response, simply click on the response headline and copy the URL from the browser window. A proportion of responses will, after editing, be published online and in the print journal as letters, which are indexed in PubMed. Rapid responses are not indexed in PubMed and they are not journal articles. The BMJ reserves the right to remove responses which are being wilfully misrepresented as published articles or when it is brought to our attention that a response spreads misinformation.
From March 2022, the word limit for rapid responses will be 600 words not including references and author details. We will no longer post responses that exceed this limit.
The word limit for letters selected from posted responses remains 300 words.
Having warned us that we should treat breast infections early for
fear of complications and medicolegal consequences the authors
unfortunately fail to offer any guidance for primary care on how to
distinguish between breast duct engorgement and infection.
I do not believe that every red breast segment is always infected in
lactating women, and indeed many settle down quietly and quickly without
ever coming to our attention. I have tended to treat women who are become
systemically unwell or have local signs of breast changes other than just
erythema, but otherwise not used antibiotics first line. Would the authors
agree, or would they prefer all breast redness to be treated with
antibiotics?
Competing interests: No competing interests
Dear Editor,
I would like to contribute, suggesting the use of oral serrapeptase
preparations for every breast inflammation, instead of other common
NSAIDs.
Clinical experiences with serrapeptase, together with some clinical
trials [1] imply high efficiency without any adverse effects!
[1] Singapore Med J. 1989 Feb;30(1):48-54.
The treatment of breast engorgement with Serrapeptase (Danzen): a
randomised double-blind controlled trial.
Kee WH, Tan SL, Lee V, Salmon YM.
Competing interests: No competing interests
Many thanks for publishing this very useful clinical review. However
there seem to be sequencial errors in the reference numbers within the
text, at least in the printed BMJ 342 p484-489 (published 26/2/11). For
example on p485 the review of 946 cases of lactational mastitis in the USA
is surely reference 8, not 9? Similarly, in the section headed "How to
treat mastitis" on the same page reference 13 should be 12, 14 should be
13, 15 should be 14 & 16 should be 15.
I have not checked through all of the references in the review but it
does also look like the reference as to the cause of intertrigo on p488
should be ref 20, not 21 as stated.
In view of this I wonder if it is worth checking back through the
numbering of all the references in this article.
Competing interests: No competing interests
In the section of the review entitled "What kinds of breast infection
are there?" it is stated that "one cross sectional analysis of 89 patients
with breast abscesses requiring surgical intervention found that 14% were
lactational and 86% were non-lactational".(1) The cross sectional
analysis referred to above was done by Bharat A et al in 2009.(2) This
information however is misleading as most evidence suggests that the vast
majority of breast abscesses are in fact lactational. For example, the WHO
report on mastitis in 2000 clearly indicates that mastitis and abscesses
are more common in lactating versus non-lactating women.(3) Moreover, a
study of 299 cases of breast abscesses over a ten-year period in Nigeria
found that 95% of breast abscesses were lactational and only 5% were non-
lactational.(4) Finally, in the NHS choices website article on breast
abscesses, it is stated that "...[breast abscesses] are very uncommon in
women who are not producing milk." (5)
References:
(1)Dixon JM and Khan LR; Treatment of breast infection; BMJ 2011;
342:d396
(2) Bharat A, Gao F, Aft RL, Gillanders WE, Eberlein TJ, Margenthaler
JA. Predictors of primary breast abscesses and recurrence. World J
Surg2009;33:2582-6
(3) World Health Organisation. Mastitis: causes and management.
WHO/FCH/CAH/ 00.13.Geneva: WHO 2000
(4) Efem SE; Breast abscesses in Nigeria: lactational versus non-
lactational; J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1995 Feb;40(1):25-7.
(5) NHS Choices; Breast Abscess; September 2010
http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Breast-abscess/Pages/Introduction.aspx
Competing interests: No competing interests
We are often asked to prescribe high dose oral antifungals to mothers
for a diagnosis made by health visitors and midwives of 'fungal
mastitis'. The core symptoms we are advised are severe needle like pains
in the breast during feeding. There are rarely any signs in the woman but
she has been persuaded by her care providers that this is the diagnosis
and given an information sheet of this 'disease' and the neeeded
treatment (high dose oral antifungals much higher than the bnf recommends)
to present to her GP. We are then left with a dilema, is this real
disease, is there a fungal component or is this similar to gut
candidiasis as a cause of chronic fatigue synmdrome.
Competing interests: No competing interests
Thank you for your feedback on the photographs chosen to illustrate
the homepage links to these articles. The picture selected for the
"Treatment of breast infection" article was ordered from Science Photo
Library (SPL) and patient consent had already been obtained. The writing
on the image was the photo credit.
We have covered the Baby P story repeatedly in the BMJ, and have used
Peter Connelly's photograph on almost every occasion. We often publish
pictures of doctors before the GMC, and it would have been inconsistent
not to include an image of consultant paediatrician Sabah Al-Zayyat.
Competing interests: No competing interests
Of course anybody could find a photograph in media records of the
doctor involved in the Baby P case (and everybody now knows he too has a
name). But it is surprising to find her photograph published in BMJ when
it is not common practice to publish them. When making these decisions
there is a danger of either overt or unconscious desires to be punitive.
Perhaps even more so in this case, not just because of the horrible
consequences of mistakes made, not only by this doctor but a whole network
of health and social workers who have not had their photographs published,
but because she is a woman, from a non British ethnic group,wearing a
headscarf. And she has flouted the disciplinary proceedings of the medical
world and the inevitable further humiliation, by resigning from the GMC
before her case is heard. But does the medical world really need to
distance themselves from terrible mistakes by hounding one health worker?
Competing interests: No competing interests
Attached to the article on 'the treatment of breast infection'1, BMJ
website on 11th February 2011 published a picture depicting mastitis in
the education section. Printed on to the picture is 'P Marazzi/SPL'. Just
above this publication was the face of the doctor involved in 'Baby P
case' and below that of a healthcare professional attached to UK childhood
cancer study - both pictures with no names printed on to it.
I do believe that there is consent for the publication2, 3 / privacy
policy statements would have been signed as well. Is it a regulation that
all sensitive2 pictures should have a name on the website as part of data
sharing principles4 (either of the patient or of the photographer)? Is it
about protecting patients / readers and if so how? If this is a possible
disclosure of true or false identity3, 4, what is the clinical / research
value of it? Replacing a name with a unique identification number5 or
barcode in a similar context might be worth considering.
A picture tells a thousand words: and perhaps more, we have to be
careful.
Reference:
1.Dixon MJ, Khan LR. Treatment of breast infection. BMJ 2011;
342:d396
2. Groves T, Croot J. Using pictures in the BMJ. BMJ 2005;330:916
3. Nylenna M, Riis P. Identification of patients in medical
publications: need for consent. BMJ 1991;302: 1182.
4. Groves T. BMJ policy on data sharing. BMJ 2010;340: 1136
5. Lehmann T M, Aach T, Witte H. Sensor, signal and image informatics
- state of the art and current topics. Yearb Med Inform. 2006; 57-67.
Competing interests: No competing interests
Response
The question of whether antibiotics are needed in a woman with an
area of redness and engorgement is not easy to answer merely because the
quality of evidence is poor. Below is an abstract from
Antibiotics for mastitis in breastfeeding women
Shayesteh Jahanfar1,*, Chirk-Jenn Ng2, Cheong Lieng Teng3
Editorial Group: Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group
Published Online: 15 APR 2009
Inflammation of the breast, or mastitis, can be infective or non-
infective. Infective mastitis is one of the most common infections
experienced by breastfeeding women. The condition (infective or not)
varies in severity, ranging from mild symptoms with some local
inflammation, redness, warmth and tenderness in the affected breast
through to more serious symptoms including fever, abscess and septicaemia,
which may require hospitalisation. Recovery can take time, and there may
be substantial discomfort for the affected mother and her baby. Mastitis
usually occurs during the first three months after birth and result sin
the mother being confined to bed for one day, followed by restricted
activity. The condition is associated with decreased milk secretion,
decreased productivity, and in difficulties caring for the baby. This
burden to mothers, along with the cost of care, the potential negative
impact on continuation of breastfeeding, and the danger of serious
complications such as septicaemia, makes mastitis a serious condition
which warrants early diagnosis and effective therapy. The review included
two studies and approximately 125 women. One study compared two different
antibiotics, and there were no differences between the two antibiotics for
symptom relief. A second study comparing no treatment, breast emptying,
and antibiotic therapy, with breast emptying suggested more rapid symptom
relief with antibiotics. There is very little evidence on the
effectiveness of antibiotic therapy, and more research is needed.
A common theme for women with abscesses is delay in prescription of
antibiotics often because the patient cannot get access to their family
doctor. this has improved with 24 hour emergency GP surgeries. Observation
in the absence of systemic symptoms seems reasonable. Persistence of
symptoms or worsening symptoms and signs are a clear indication for
antibiotics. The potential harm to the baby providing appropriate
antibiotics are used is minimal.
In summary, observation with review at 24 hours in women with redness
and engorgement seems entirely appropriate based on what I have observed
and read. Persistence of eythema, the presence of systemic signs and
symptoms or a worsening clinical picture are an indication for
antibiotics. Review by the same individual to ensure symptoms and signs
resolve is however an important part of a watch and wait approach.
Mike Dixon
Competing interests: No competing interests