Right-left discrimination among medical students: questionnaire and psychometric study
BMJ 2008; 337 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2826 (Published 16 December 2008) Cite this as: BMJ 2008;337:a2826
- Gerard J Gormley, senior lecturer in general practice1,
- Martin Dempster, research coordinator, DclinPsych programme2,
- Rachael Best, postgraduate student2
- 1Centre of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- 2School of Psychology, Queen’s University Belfast
- Correspondence to: G J Gormley g.gormley{at}qub.ac.uk
- Accepted 24 November 2008
Abstract
Objective To determine medical students’ self awareness and ability to discriminate right from left; to identify characteristics associated with this ability; and to identify any techniques used to aid discrimination.
Design Questionnaire and psychometric study.
Setting Undergraduate medical school, Northern Ireland.
Participants 290 first year undergraduate students.
Main outcome measure Medical students’ ability to discriminate right from left using the Bergen right-left discrimination test.
Results Test scores ranged from 31 to 143 on a scale of 0-144 (mean 112 (standard deviation 22.2)). Male students significantly outperformed female students (117.18 (26.96) v 110.80 (28.94)). Students who wanted to be surgeons performed significantly better than those who wanted to be general practitioners or medical doctors (119.87 (25.15) v 110.55 (27.36) v 112.50 (26.88)). The interaction effect for sex and career wishes was not significant (P=0.370). Students who used learnt techniques to help them discriminate scored significantly less than those who did not (P<0.001). Students had greater difficulty in discriminating right from left when looking at the forward view rather than the back view (P<0.001).
Conclusions Male students were better than female students at distinguishing right from left, and aspiring surgeons were better than aspiring general practitioners or medical doctors. Students had more difficulty with the forward view than the back view.
The ability to discriminate right from left calls on several higher functions including memory, visuospatial processing, language, integration of sensory information, and sometimes mental rotation.1 Some people have difficulty in distinguishing right from left in themselves and in others.2 3 Correctly discriminating right from left is important in the practice of medicine. Confusing a patient’s right side from their left can result in surgery, procedures, and investigations being carried out on the wrong side.4 Such mistakes may occur more frequently than is reported,4 and prevention should start at undergraduate level.5
Medical students perform better than psychology or law students in right-left discrimination tests, but data are limited.6 We aimed to assess medical students’ perceived and actual right-left discriminatory ability; to identify characteristics associated with this ability; and to identify any techniques used to aid discrimination.
Methods
We invited all first year students at the School of Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast who attended a clinical skills programme to participate. Consenting students completed an anonymised questionnaire to ascertain their sex, age, and career wishes. We used the Oldfield handedness inventory to determine hand preference.7 Students recorded their perceived discriminatory ability on a five point Likert scale. We also asked them to record any techniques that they used to aid discrimination.
We used the Bergen right-left discrimination test to measure participants’ ability to discriminate right from left.8 In this test, participants are shown a series of line figures, which have a white head when viewed from the front and a black head when viewed from the back. Hands are circles at the end of the figures’ arms. The test has three subsections—all figures viewed from the back, from the front, and alternating views from the back and front. Participants indicated the right or the left hand of the figure by marking the appropriate “hand” circle. Each subsection consists of 48 figures, and participants had 90 seconds a subsection to complete as many items as possible; this gave a maximum potential score of 144 and a minimum score of 0. Subsections were administered in a counterbalanced sequence to account for order effects.
To meet the assumptions of the parametric tests used (that the residual scores are normally distributed), we squared the test scores and used transformed variables in all analyses. We used analysis of variance to examine differences in the test scores between men and women and between career wishes, with post hoc Tukey tests to explore all pairwise comparisons among career wishes, and to determine whether these variables interacted significantly. Handedness and order of presentation of the figures were controlled for. We used an independent t test to compare students who used a discrimination technique and those who did not. We then used analysis of variance to compare the different discriminatory techniques, Pearson’s correlation coefficient to examine the association between test scores and participants’ perceived discriminatory ability, and repeated measures analysis of variance to examine the effect of figure position (front, back, or mixed) on test scores.
Results
Participants
All 290 students participated. Mean age was 19 years (range 18-26); 42% (121/290) were male and 58% (169/290) were female (table 1)⇓. About 32% (93/290) of students were considering a career in general practice, 27% (79/290) a career as a medical doctor, 24% (70/290) a career in surgery, and 17% (48/290) other careers. Only 15% (42/290) were left handed and 85% (248/290) were right handed.
Characteristics of participants
Techniques used to aid right-left discrimination
Many students (32%; 94/290) used techniques to help them discriminate right from left (table 2⇓).
Proportion of participants who reported the use of different categories of right-left discriminatory techniques
Bergen right-left discrimination test scores
Test scores ranged from 31 to 143 (mean 112 (standard deviation 22.2); figure⇓). Table 3⇓ shows the test scores according to subgroup. The order of presentation of the front, back, and mixed views did not affect test scores (F2,233=1.325, P=0.268), and neither did the participants’ handedness (F1,233=0.137, P=0.711).
Participants’ scores on the Bergen right-left discrimination test. *Scale of 0-144
Bergen right-left discrimination test summary scores according to subgroup
Male students performed significantly better than female students (F1,233=5.859, P=0.016). We also saw a significant association between test scores and career wishes (F2,233=4.157, P=0.017); post hoc Tukey tests indicated that students who wanted to be surgeons performed significantly better than those who wanted to be general practitioners (P=0.003) or medical doctors (P=0.047). The interaction effect for sex and career wishes was not significant (F(2,233)=1.000, P=0.370).
Perceived discriminatory ability was significantly associated with test scores (r=0.387, P<0.001). Students who used techniques to help them discriminate had significantly lower test scores than those who did not (t=5.342, P<0.001). We found no significant difference between the technique used and the score (F4,75=0.442, P=0.778).
The orientation of the figures significantly affected the scores (F2,482=99.059, P<0.001). Scores were significantly higher for the back view than for the front view (t=6.843, P<0.001) or the mixed view (t=14.683, P<0.001). Scores were significantly higher for the front view than for the mixed view (t=6.995, P<0.001).
Discussion
Male students were better than female students at discriminating left from right. Aspiring surgeons performed better than aspiring general practitioners or medical doctors. Students had more difficulty with the forward view than the back view.
The differences between men and women are in keeping with other studies3 9 10 and may result from brain lateralisation, whereby males perform better in largely right hemisphere tasks, such as spatial ability, and females perform better in left hemisphere dominant tasks, such as verbal ability.11 Imaging studies indicate that right-left discrimination is mostly a right hemisphere task.12 However, the test used depended on participants answering as many questions as possible in a given time. Males are often better at such tests, and this may account for some of the differences seen in our study.13
We found no differences between right handed and left handed students. Some studies have shown right handers to be better at discriminating between right and left,2 14 15 but others report no difference.3 16
Even at this early stage of training, students’ career aspirations were associated with their test score. Students aspiring to be surgeons had significantly higher scores than those who wished to enter general practice. Perhaps students who think they are better at right-left discrimination are more attracted to specialties that place greater demands on spatial ability, such as surgery. Further research is needed to determine if right-left discrimination ability, and other spatial tasks, are associated with career aspiration and attainment. It would also be important to determine if students who were less able to discriminate improved after medical training.
Around a third of students reported using techniques to help them discriminate right from left—these students scored lower on the test. Perhaps students who do not use such techniques have a greater natural ability to discriminate than students who do.
Medical practitioners usually face patients in the front position. Our results indicate that medical students have greater difficulty in right-left discrimination in this position, perhaps because mental rotation is required.17
Wrong sided patient events can have serious consequences.4 18 19 Our study cannot determine whether medical students’ right-left discriminatory ability directly affects patient safety. However, as well as learning relative anatomical directions such as superior and inferior, students should be told the importance of correctly differentiating right from left and that this can pose problems for some people. Measuring the discriminatory ability of students who report such problems may make them more vigilant and help them develop strategies to prevent errors in clinical practice. Further research would help clarify any associations between right-left discriminatory ability and patient safety, and whether this ability is influenced by fatigue or distraction.
What is already known on this topic
In clinical practice confusing right and left can have serious consequences for patient care and safety
Some people have difficulty in discriminating right from left in themselves and others
What this study adds
Medical students vary in their ability to discriminate right from left
Medical educators need to emphasise the importance of differentiating right from left and for students to develop checks when making right-left decisions
Notes
Cite this as: BMJ 2008;337:a2826
Footnotes
Thanks to all the students who participated in this study and the staff of the Clinical Skills Education Centre, Queen’s University Belfast. Thanks also to Sonja Helgesen Ofte (Statped West, Speech and Language Department, Bergen, Norway) for permission to use the Bergen right-left discrimination test.
Contributors: All authors helped conceive, design, and supervise this project. GJG wrote the first draft, which was revised by MD and RB, with GJG coordinating rewriting and agreement of the final article. MD provided statistical expertise. GJG is guarantor.
Funding: Association for the Study of Medical Education (small project grant).
Competing interests: None declared, although on occasion the authors have been known to confuse their right from their left.
Ethical approval: School of Psychology, Research Ethics Committee, Queen’s University Belfast.
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.