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Holistic medicine is “human” medicine

BMJ 2008; 336 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/sbmj.0804144 (Published 01 April 2008) Cite this as: BMJ 2008;336:0804144
  1. Angad Dhillon, fourth year medical student1
  1. 1Imperial College London

The traditional biomedical model of Western medicine is shifting to a more holistic approach. Angad Dhillon discusses the underlying research and its implications for medical students

Advancements in medicine and technology over the past 300 years have given us an insight into the intricate cellular and mechanical complexities of the human body. Science has seemingly explained a world far apart from ancient systems of thought where magic, religion, emotion, and medicine were undifferentiated.

The material and mechanistic view of the human body that developed led to the separation of the spiritual and emotional dimensions from the physical body. The human body became treated as some kind of frozen anatomical structure, a “biochemical machine” that somehow learnt to think, and the epiphenomenon we call consciousness was thought to be produced through the “dance of atoms”— thought was believed to be the byproduct of matter.1 Such a materialistic view has been controversially expressed by the evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins: “What are all of us but self-reproducing robots? We have been put together by our genes and what we do is roam the world looking for a way to sustain ourselves and ultimately produce another robot child.”

The reductionist model

The social scientist and historian Michel Foucault noticed that as developments in science and medicine progressed, a parallel transformation took place in the way that the body was organised in medical thinking. As disease mechanisms became better understood, the doctor's role became that of inquisitor, searching out the vast multitudes of signs and symptoms. Thus the patient became an object of medical study, and the body as a medical object became an entity separate from the body as a person. Foucault called this phenomenon the medical or clinical gaze.2

Objectifying the human body with the “medical gaze” made possible the empirical study of disease. …

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