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Research

Vascular events in healthy older women receiving calcium supplementation: randomised controlled trial

BMJ 2008; 336 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39440.525752.BE (Published 31 January 2008) Cite this as: BMJ 2008;336:262
  1. Mark J Bolland, research fellow1,
  2. P Alan Barber, senior lecturer1,
  3. Robert N Doughty, associate professor1,
  4. Barbara Mason, research officer1,
  5. Anne Horne, research fellow1,
  6. Ruth Ames, research officer1,
  7. Gregory D Gamble, research fellow1,
  8. Andrew Grey, associate professor1,
  9. Ian R Reid, professor1
  1. 1Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
  1. Correspondence to: I R Reid i.reid{at}auckland.ac.nz
  • Accepted 22 November 2007

Abstract

Objective To determine the effect of calcium supplementation on myocardial infarction, stroke, and sudden death in healthy postmenopausal women.

Design Randomised, placebo controlled trial.

Setting Academic medical centre in an urban setting in New Zealand.

Participants 1471 postmenopausal women (mean age 74): 732 were randomised to calcium supplementation and 739 to placebo.

Main outcome measures Adverse cardiovascular events over five years: death, sudden death, myocardial infarction, angina, other chest pain, stroke, transient ischaemic attack, and a composite end point of myocardial infarction, stroke, or sudden death.

Results Myocardial infarction was more commonly reported in the calcium group than in the placebo group (45 events in 31 women v 19 events in 14 women, P=0.01). The composite end point of myocardial infarction, stroke, or sudden death was also more common in the calcium group (101 events in 69 women v 54 events in 42 women, P=0.008). After adjudication myocardial infarction remained more common in the calcium group (24 events in 21 women v 10 events in 10 women, relative risk 2.12, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 4.47). For the composite end point 61 events were verified in 51 women in the calcium group and 36 events in 35 women in the placebo group (relative risk 1.47, 0.97 to 2.23). When unreported events were added from the national database of hospital admissions in New Zealand the relative risk of myocardial infarction was 1.49 (0.86 to 2.57) and that of the composite end point was 1.21 (0.84 to 1.74). The respective rate ratios were 1.67 (95% confidence intervals 0.98 to 2.87) and 1.43 (1.01 to 2.04); event rates: placebo 16.3/1000 person years, calcium 23.3/1000 person years. For stroke (including unreported events) the relative risk was 1.37 (0.83 to 2.28) and the rate ratio was 1.45 (0.88 to 2.49).

Conclusion Calcium supplementation in healthy postmenopausal women is associated with upward trends in cardiovascular event rates. This potentially detrimental effect should be balanced against the likely benefits of calcium on bone.

Trial registration Australian Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN 012605000242628.

Footnotes

  • Contributors: PAB and RD adjudicated the cases. MJB, BM, AH, and RA collected the data. MJB, GDG, and IRR analysed the data. IRR conceived the study. He is guarantor for the paper. All authors designed the study and drafted and revised the manuscript.

  • Funding: This study was supported by the Health Research Council of New Zealand. Mission Pharmacal supplied the calcium citrate tablets and placebo.

  • Competing interests: IRR has received research support from and acted as a consultant for Fonterra and Mission Pharmacal.

  • Ethical approval: This study was approved by the Auckland ethics committee.

  • Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

  • Accepted 22 November 2007
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