Chemical warfare
BMJ 2006; 332 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/sbmj.0606232 (Published 01 June 2006) Cite this as: BMJ 2006;332:0606232- Laxmi Vilas Ghimire, Intern doctor1,
- Sagun Narayan Joshi, consultant ophthalmologist1
- 1Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
Tear gases are commonly used by police forces for controlling public demonstrations, dispersing crowds, and subduing people under arrest. In April 2006, thousands of Nepalese people went on to the streets of towns and cities in Nepal, including Kathmandu, to demonstrate against the autocratic rule of King Gyanendra, who came to power on 1 February 2005. Police fired hundreds of shells of tear gas to quell the peaceful demonstration. Although the autocratic rule of the king is over, many people are still recovering from the effects of the tear gas.
Tear gas was also used in Quebec City in 2001 and in Seattle in 1999, when thousands of people emerged to support the casualties of capitalism and globalisation. More than 5000 canisters of tear gas were used against demonstrators in Quebec City.1 Crowd control agents have also been used in Chile, South Korea, Nepal, Indonesia, and Israel. Students are often the main target.
Background
Tear gas is a non-specific term for any chemical that is used to cause temporary incapacitation through irritation of the eyes or respiratory system, or both (box 1). These chemicals interact with the sensory nerve receptors in the mucosal surfaces and skin at the site of contamination, resulting in localised discomfort or pain and associated reflexes, such as tears and difficulty in keeping the eye open. Popular tear gases used throughout the world are 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (CS gas), 1-chloroacetophenone (CN gas); dibenzoxazepine (CR gas), and oleoresin capsicum; CS and CN gas are used most widely in the United States, Europe, and the United Kingdom.
These incapacitating agents should ideally have rapid onset of effects, short duration of action after cessation of …
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