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Improving clinical practice using clinical decision support systems: a systematic review of trials to identify features critical to success

BMJ 2005; 330 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38398.500764.8F (Published 31 March 2005) Cite this as: BMJ 2005;330:765

Data supplement

  • Studies included in systematic review (as supplied by author)

    1. Boekeloo BO, Becker DM, Levine DM, Belitsos PC, Pearson TA. Strategies for increasing house staff management of cholesterol with inpatients. Am J Prev Med. 1990;6:51-59.
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    3. Overhage JM, Tierney WM, Zhou XH, McDonald CJ. A randomized trial of "corollary orders" to prevent errors of omission. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 1997;4:364-375.
    4. Frame PS, Zimmer JG, Werth PL, Hall WJ, Eberly SW. Computer-based vs manual health maintenance tracking. A controlled trial. Arch Fam Med. 1994;3:581-588.
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    6. McPhee SJ, Bird JA, Fordham D, Rodnick JE, Osborn EH. Promoting cancer prevention activities by primary care physicians. Results of a randomized, controlled trial. JAMA. 1991;266:538-544.
    7. Tierney WM, McDonald CJ, Hui SL, Martin DK. Computer predictions of abnormal test results. Effects on outpatient testing. JAMA. 1988;259:1194-1198.
    8. McDonald CJ. Use of a computer to detect and respond to clinical events: its effect on clinician behavior. Ann Intern Med. 1976;84:162-167.
    9. Dexter PR, Wolinsky FD, Gramelspacher GP, et al. Effectiveness of computer-generated reminders for increasing discussions about advance directives and completion of advance directive forms. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128:102-110.
    10. Chambers CV, Balaban DJ, Carlson BL, Grasberger DM. The effect of microcomputer-generated reminders on influenza vaccination rates in a university-based family practice center. J Am Board Fam Pract. 1991;4:19-26.
    11. Christakis DA, Zimmerman FJ, Wright JA, Garrison MM, Rivara FP, Davis RL. A randomized controlled trial of point-of-care evidence to improve the antibiotic prescribing practices for otitis media in children. Pediatrics. 2001;107:E15-E18.
    12. Lobach DF, Hammond WE. Computerized decision support based on a clinical practice guideline improves compliance with care standards. Am J Med. 1997;102:89-98.
    13. Eccles M, McColl E, Steen N, et al. Effect of computerised evidence based guidelines on management of asthma and angina in adults in primary care: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2002;325:941-947.
    14. Litzelman DK, Dittus RS, Miller ME, Tierney WM. Requiring physicians to respond to computerized reminders improves their compliance with preventive care protocols. J Gen Intern Med. 1993;8:311-317.
    15. Overhage JM, Tierney WM, McDonald CJ. Computer reminders to implement preventive care guidelines for hospitalized patients. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:1551-1556.
    16. Tierney WM, Miller ME, Overhage JM, McDonald CJ. Physician inpatient order writing on microcomputer workstations. Effects on resource utilization. JAMA. 1993;269:379-383.
    17. Harpole LH, Khorasani R, Fiskio J, Kuperman GJ, Bates DW. Automated evidence-based critiquing of orders for abdominal radiographs: impact on utilization and appropriateness. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 1997;4:511-521.
    18. McAlister NH, Covvey HD, Tong C, Lee A, Wigle ED. Randomised controlled trial of computer assisted management of hypertension in primary care. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986;293:670-674.
    19. Tierney WM, Hui SL, McDonald CJ. Delayed feedback of physician performance versus immediate reminders to perform preventive care. Effects on physician compliance. Med Care. 1986;24:659-666.
    20. Kuperman GJ, Teich JM, Tanasijevic MJ, et al. Improving response to critical laboratory results with automation: results of a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 1999;6:512-522.
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    22. McDonald CJ, Wilson GA, McCabe GP Jr. Physician response to computer reminders. JAMA. 1980;244:1579-1581.
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    24. McPhee SJ, Bird JA, Jenkins CN, Fordham D. Promoting cancer screening. A randomized, controlled trial of three interventions. Arch Intern Med. 1989;149:1866-1872.
    25. Becker DM, Gomez EB, Kaiser DL, Yoshihasi A, Hodge RH Jr. Improving preventive care at a medical clinic: how can the patient help? Am J Prev Med. 1989;5:353-359.
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    27. Demakis JG, Beauchamp C, Cull WL, et al. Improving residents’ compliance with standards of ambulatory care: results from the VA Cooperative Study on Computerized Reminders. JAMA. 2000;284:1411-1416.
    28. Lobach DF. Electronically distributed, computer-generated, individualized feedback enhances the use of a computerized practice guideline. Proc AMIA Symp. 1996;493-497.
    29. Buchsbaum DG, Buchanan RG, Lawton MJ, Elswick RK Jr, Schnoll SH. A program of screening and prompting improves short-term physician counseling of dependent and nondependent harmful drinkers. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:1573-1577.
    30. Stamos TD, Shaltoni H, Girard SA, Parrillo JE, Calvin JE. Effectiveness of chart prompts to improve physician compliance with the National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88:1420-1423.
    31. Leviton LC, Goldenberg RL, Baker CS, et al. Methods to encourage the use of antenatal corticosteroid therapy for fetal maturation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1999;281:46-52.
    32. McDonald CJ, Hui SL, Smith DM, et al. Reminders to physicians from an introspective computer medical record. A two-year randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 1984;100:130-138.
    33. Rubenstein LV, Calkins DR, Young RT, et al. Improving patient function: a randomized trial of functional disability screening. Ann Intern Med. 1989;111:836-842.
    34. Burack RC, Gimotty PA, George J, Stengle W, Warbasse L, Moncrease A. Promoting screening mammography in inner-city settings: a randomized controlled trial of computerized reminders as a component of a program to facilitate mammography. Med Care. 1994;32:609-624.
    35. Gimotty PA, Burack RC, George JA. Delivery of preventive health services for breast cancer control: a longitudinal view of a randomized controlled trial. Health Serv Res. 2002;37:65-85.
    36. Burack RC, Gimotty PA. Promoting screening mammography in inner-city settings. The sustained effectiveness of computerized reminders in a randomized controlled trial. Med Care. 1997;35:921-931.
    37. Lobach DF, Hammond WE. Development and evaluation of a Computer-Assisted Management Protocol (CAMP): improved compliance with care guidelines for diabetes mellitus. Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care. 1994;787-791.
    38. Burack RC, Gimotty PA, George J, Simon MS, Dews P, Moncrease A. The effect of patient and physician reminders on use of screening mammography in a health maintenance organization. Results of a randomized controlled trial. Cancer. 1996;78:1708-1721.
    39. Nilasena DS, Lincoln MJ. A computer-generated reminder system improves physician compliance with diabetes preventive care guidelines. Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care. 1995;640-645.
    40. Rosser WW, McDowell I, Newell C. Use of reminders for preventive procedures in family medicine. CMAJ. 1991;145:807-814.
    41. Rosser WW, Hutchison BG, McDowell I, Newell C. Use of reminders to increase compliance with tetanus booster vaccination. CMAJ. 1992;146:911-917.
    42. Rosser W, McDowell I. Documenting smoking status. Can Fam Physician. 1992;38:1623-1628.
    43. McDowell I, Newell C, Rosser W. A randomized trial of computerized reminders for blood pressure screening in primary care. Med Care. 1989;27:297-305.
    44. McDowell I, Newell C, Rosser W. Computerized reminders to encourage cervical screening in family practice. J Fam Pract. 1989;28:420-424.
    45. McDowell I, Newell C, Rosser W. Comparison of three methods of recalling patients for influenza vaccination. CMAJ. 1986;135:991-997.
    46. McDonald CJ, Hui SL, Tierney WM. Effects of computer reminders for influenza vaccination on morbidity during influenza epidemics. MD Comput. 1992;9:304-312.
    47. White KS, Lindsay A, Pryor TA, Brown WF, Walsh K. Application of a computerized medical decision-making process to the problem of digoxin intoxication. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984;4:571-576.
    48. Williams RB, Boles M, Johnson RE. A patient-initiated system for preventive health care. A randomized trial in community-based primary care practices. Arch Fam Med. 1998;7:338-345.
    49. Burack RC, Gimotty PA, George J, et al. How reminders given to patients and physicians affected pap smear use in a health maintenance organization: results of a randomized controlled trial. Cancer. 1998;82:2391-2400.
    50. Bankhead C, Richards SH, Peters TJ, et al. Improving attendance for breast screening among recent non-attenders: a randomised controlled trial of two interventions in primary care. J Med Screen. 2001;8:99-105.
    51. Dowrick C. Does testing for depression influence diagnosis or management by general practitioners? Fam Pract. 1995;12:461-465.
    52. Dowrick C, Buchan I. Twelve month outcome of depression in general practice: Does detection or disclosure make a difference? BMJ. 1995;311:1274-1276.
    53. Linn LS, Yager J. Screening of depression in relationship to subsequent patient and physician behavior. Med Care. 1982;20:1233-1240.
    54. Linn LS, Yager J. The effect of screening, sensitization, and feedback on notation of depression. J Med Educ. 1980;55:942-949.
    55. Cheney C, Ramsdell JW. Effect of medical records’ checklists on implementation of periodic health measures. Am J Med. 1987;83:129-136.
    56. Cohen SJ, Stookey GK, Katz BP, Drook CA, Smith DM. Encouraging primary care physicians to help smokers quit. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1989;110:648-652.
    57. Cohen SJ, Christen AG, Katz BP, et al. Counseling medical and dental patients about cigarette smoking: the impact of nicotine gum and chart reminders. Am J Public Health. 1987;77:313-316.
    58. Hay WI, van Ineveld C, Browne G, et al. Prospective care of elderly patients in family practice. Is screening effective? Can Fam Physician. 1998;44:2677-2687.
    59. Magruder-Habib K, Zung WW, Feussner JR. Improving physicians’ recognition and treatment of depression in general medical care. Results from a randomized clinical trial. Med Care. 1990;28:239-250.
    60. Pierce M, Lundy S, Palanisamy A, Winning S, King J. Prospective randomised controlled trial of methods of call and recall for cervical cytology screening. BMJ. 1989;299:160-162.
    61. Pollack MM, Getson PR. Pediatric critical care cost containment: combined actuarial and clinical program. Crit Care Med. 1991;19:12-20.
    62. Somkin CP, Hiatt RA, Hurley LB, Gruskin E, Ackerson L, Larson P. The effect of patient and provider reminders on mammography and Papanicolaou smear screening in a large health maintenance organization. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:1658-1664.
    63. Ray WA, Stein CM, Byrd V, et al. Educational program for physicians to reduce use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs among community-dwelling elderly persons: a randomized controlled trial. Med Care. 2001;39:425-435.
    64. Sommers LS, Sholtz R, Shepherd RM, Starkweather DB. Physician involvement in quality assurance. Med Care. 1984;22:1115-1138.
    65. Hoeper EW, Nycz GR, Kessler LG, Burke JD Jr, Pierce WE. The usefulness of screening for mental illness. Lancet. 1984;1:33-35.
    66. Pritchard DA, Straton JA, Hyndman J. Cervical screening in general practice. Aust J Public Health. 1995;19:167-172.
    67. van Wijk MA, van der Lei J, Mosseveld M, Bohnen AM, van Bemmel JH. Assessment of decision support for blood test ordering in primary care. A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134:274-281.
    68. Flanagan JR, Doebbeling BN, Dawson J, Beekmann S. Randomized study of online vaccine reminders in adult primary care. Proc AMIA Symp. 1999;755-759.
    69. Bates DW, Kuperman GJ, Rittenberg E, et al. A randomized trial of a computer-based intervention to reduce utilization of redundant laboratory tests. Am J Med. 1999;106:144-150.
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    71. Rotman BL, Sullivan AN, McDonald TW, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a computer-based physician workstation in an outpatient setting: implementation barriers to outcome evaluation. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 1996;3:340-348.
    72. Hetlevik I, Holmen J, Kruger O, Kristensen P, Iversen H, Furuseth K. Implementing clinical guidelines in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in general practice. Evaluation of effort, process, and patient outcome related to implementation of a computer-based decision support system. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2000;16:210-227.
    73. Hetlevik I, Holmen J, Kruger O. Implementing clinical guidelines in the treatment of hypertension in general practice. Evaluation of patient outcome related to implementation of a computer-based clinical decision support system. Scand J Prim Health Care. 1999;17:35-40.
    74. Rascati KL, Okano GJ, Burch C. Evaluation of physician intervention letters. Med Care. 1996;34:760-766.
    75. Okano GJ, Rascati KL. Effects of Medicaid drug utilization review intervention letters. Clin Ther. 1995;17:525-533.
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    80. Shapiro S, German PS, Skinner EA, et al. An experiment to change detection and management of mental morbidity in primary care. Med Care. 1987;25:327-339.
    81. German PS, Shapiro S, Skinner EA, et al. Detection and management of mental health problems of older patients by primary care providers. JAMA. 1987;257:489-493.
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    83. Frolich A. Combined reports on serum calcium and discriminant functions increase the diagnostic rate of hypercalcaemia. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1997;57:725-729.
    84. Mazonson PD, Mathias SD, Fifer SK, Buesching DP, Malek P, Patrick DL. The mental health patient profile: does it change primary care physicians’ practice patterns? J Am Board Fam Pract. 1996;9:336-345.
    85. Mathias SD, Fifer SK, Mazonson PD, Lubeck DP, Buesching DP, Patrick DL. Necessary but not sufficient: the effect of screening and feedback on outcomes of primary care patients with untreated anxiety. J Gen Intern Med. 1994;9:606-615.
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