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Figure A Younger age of introduction of gluten (top) and cereal (bottom) greatly increases development of anti-islet autoantibodies in infants followed from birth. The top figure represents 65 islet autoantibody positive infants detected from a total of 1143 infants screened, and the bottom figure represents 34 islet autoantibody positive infants from a total of 1183 infants screened. Adapted from Norris et al12 and Ziegler et al13 (Available in: Eisenbarth GS, ed. Type 1A diabetes: cellular, molecular and clinical immunology, teaching slides www.barbaradaviscenter.org)

Figure B Progression to diabetes versus number of autoantibodies (GAD, ICA512(IA-2), insulin). Modified from Verge et al23 (Available in: Eisenbarth GS, ed. Type 1A diabetes: cellular, molecular and clinical immunology, teaching slides www.barbaradaviscenter.org)

Tables

Assays measuring diabetes associated autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes
 

T cell assays demonstrated to detect major autoantigens in type 1 diabetes, with associated references
 

ELISPOT=enzyme linked immunospot assay.

*T cell studies in mice from spleen or pancreas.

†T cell studies in humans from peripheral blood.