Screening for depression in primary care with two verbally asked questions: cross sectional study
BMJ 2003; 327 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7424.1144 (Published 13 November 2003) Cite this as: BMJ 2003;327:1144- Bruce Arroll, associate professor (b.arroll{at}auckland.ac.nz)1,
- Natalie Khin, PhD student2,
- Ngaire Kerse, senior lecturer1
- 1Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, PB 92019, Auckland, New Zealand,
- 2Department of Psychiatry, University of Auckland
- Correspondence to: B Arroll
- Accepted 18 September 2003
Abstract
Abstract Objective To determine the diagnostic accuracy of two verbally asked questions for screening for depression.
Design Cross sectional criterion standard validation study.
Setting 15 general practices in New Zealand.
Participants 421 consecutive patients not taking psychotropic drugs.
Main outcome measures Sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios of the two questions compared with the computerised composite international diagnostic interview.
Results The two screening questions showed a sensitivity and specificity of 97% (95% confidence interval, 83% to 99%) and 67% (62% to 72%), respectively. The likelihood ratio for a positive test was 2.9 (2.5 to 3.4) and the likelihood ratio for a negative test was 0.05 (0.01 to 0.35). Overall, 37% (157/421) of the patients screened positive for depression.
Conclusion Two verbally asked questions for screening for depression would detect most cases of depression in general practice. The questions have the advantage of brevity. As treatment is more likely when doctors make the diagnosis, these questions may have even greater utility.
Introduction
Depression is a common and costly mental health problem seen often in general practice and general medicine.1 In 2002 the US Preventive Services Task Force endorsed screening for depression but did not recommend a specific screening tool.2 A systematic review found that screening for depression was not effective in improving psychosocial outcomes.3 The US Preventive Services Task Force claims that its review is more extensive.
Many practitioners find the numerous case finding and screening questionnaires for depression too cumbersome and time consuming for routine use.4 A feasible screening tool for use in general practice would comprise one or two questions, which, if positive, could be followed by further questions from the depression criteria. The primary care evaluation of mental disorders, designed to facilitate the diagnosis of common mental disorders in general practice, involved a screening questionnaire with 27 items and a follow up interview with a clinician.5 The questionnaire included two questions about depressed mood: during the past month have you often been bothered by feeling down, depressed, or hopeless? and, during the past month have you often been bothered by little interest or pleasure in doing things? One study of these questions reported a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 57% compared with the quick diagnostic interview schedule.6 We aimed to evaluate the questions when asked verbally, instead of in the written form, by general practitioners in the community.5 6
Participants and methods
From a database of Auckland general practices we randomly selected 15 general practices. Each general practitioner asked the two questions at any time during a consultation, and if either was positive, screening was considered positive. The general practitioners had access to the usual patient notes. They completed a form of the patient's responses and whether or not safety issues, such as suicidal thoughts, had been addressed. The study interviewer looked at the form after the patient had completed the mood module of the computer assisted composite international diagnostic interview.7–9 Patients had no opportunity to start treatment before completing the composite interview. This interview takes the participant's answers, provided without any interpretation, probe, or explanation by the interviewer, as valid data for arriving at a diagnosis. It has been evaluated for test-retest reliability and compared with the schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry.8 9
The calculator on the University of Toronto website was used to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios.10–12 Our study was designed and analysed as recommended by the Standards for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy Steering Group.13
Results
Overall, 670 consecutive patients were invited by their general practitioners to participate in our study. Of these, 476 took part (response rate 71.0%): 142 men, 330 women, and four had missing data (figure). The median age was 46 (range 16 to 90). We excluded 47 patients who were taking psychotropic drugs, 194 declined, and eight were not asked the screening question. In total, 421 patients were asked the two screening questions. According to the composite interview, 28 of the 157 (18%) who screened positive were depressed, whereas only one of the 264 who screened negative was depressed.
Table 1 shows the raw data for both questions and each question and the positive predictive value when using the composite interview as the ideal screening tool. Table 2 shows the sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios for both questions and the questions separately. A yes to either question was considered a positive response. The questions showed a sensitivity of 97% (95% confidence interval 83% to 99%) and a specificity of 67% (62% to 72%). The high sensitivity was accompanied by a high number of false positive results. This is reflected in the modest likelihood ratio for a positive test and the positive predictive value of 18%. On the other hand, the likelihood ratio for a negative test was low, and at the prevalence of 6% for major depression a negative test would almost always be a true negative (negative predictive value 99%).
Discussion
Two verbally asked questions from the original primary care evaluation of mental disorders have good sensitivity and reasonable specificity for screening for depression. The 97% sensitivity we found is an improvement over the 29% to 35% often reported.14 The post-test probabilities suggest about five false positives for every true positive when asking the questions alone. This is common in screening studies, which are in essence a diagnostic test performed in a “low prevalence” setting. This is not a major concern with depression, as further clarification can be obtained by asking more questions (the reference standard) or referral to another health professional.
Our study was conducted in a community setting by general practitioners and analysed after exclusion of patients taking psychotropic drugs. It is the first assessment of the questions administered verbally rather than in written form. A weakness of our study is that there was no non-screened group as a comparator.
The prevalence for screening studies for depression in general practice is usually low (8% for major depression); hence the likelihood ratio for a negative test does not need to be low to rule out depression when the test is negative (in this sample a patient with a negative test would have a 0.3% chance of being depressed). Also, when compared with the 41 studies evaluated by the US Preventive Services Task Force, the two questions (verbally asked) had a similar likelihood ratio for a positive test compared with most studies in that review.15 The two questions were, however, considerably shorter than the shortest (seven questions) screening questionnaire.16 They are thus a good compromise between the time required to administer the screen and the likelihood ratio. The additional benefit is that general practitioners are more likely to prescribe drugs to patients in whom they have made the diagnosis.17
What is already known on this topic
Screening for depression in general practice is effective at diagnosing depression and optimising treatment
Screening tests are usually in written form
What this study adds
Two questions verbally asked are potentially useful for screening for depression owing to reasonable validity and brevity
A reasonable trade-off exists between true and false positives
The questions detect most cases of depression
Editorial by Del Mar and Glasziou
Footnotes
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Contributors All authors wrote the paper. AB had the original idea for the study and analysed the data; he will act as guarantor for the paper. NKhin assisted with the study design and funding. NKerse analysed the data. S Brighouse interviewed the patients.
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Funding Oakley Mental Health Foundation and Charitable Trust of the Auckland Faculty of the Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners. The guarantor accepts full responsibility for the conduct of the study, had access to the data, and controlled the decision to publish.
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Competing interests None declared.
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Ethical approval Ethical approval was obtained from the Auckland ethics committees