Intended for healthcare professionals

  1. Human numbers,...
  2. Human numbers, environment, sustainability, and health
Education And Debate

Human numbers, environment, sustainability, and health

BMJ 1999; 319 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7215.977 (Published 09 October 1999) Cite this as: BMJ 1999;319:977

Data supplement

  • Table posted as supplied by authors

    Selected indicators for middle income countries doing substantially better or worse than predicted in reducing child mortality*

    Five 'good performers' (El Salvador, Honduras, Jamaica, Jordan, Sri Lanka)†

    Five 'poor performers' (Gabon, Ghana, Indonesia, Namibia, Pakistan)†

    Income per person, 1995 (purchasing power parity‡)

    3290 (2040-4930)

    3970 (2030-4100)

    Income distribution – Gini coefficient§

    41 (30-54)

    33¶ (31-63)

    Under 5 mortality rate, 1995

    34 (13-40)

    130 (75-148)

    Mean annual % decline 1980 to 1995

    6.7 ( 6.4- 7.3)

    1.8 ( 0.6- 3.5)

    Total fertility rate

    3.1 (2.1-5.1)

    4.9 (2.6-5.4)

    Underweight prevalence in children under 5** (%)

    11 (9-38)

    31¶ (26-39)

    Births attended by trained personel (%)

    87 (82-94)

    44 (19-80)

    Immunisation coverage (DPT, %)

    96 (92-100)

    56 (35-78)

    Safe water, % with access

    86 (57-98)

    65 (57-74)

    Adequate sanitation, % with access

    81 (63-89)

    49¶ (34-55)

    Health services, % with access

    79.5 (40-97)

    59.5 (55-93)

    Secondary school attendance rate for girls

    54 (30-78)

    33¶ (13-61)

    Literacy rate for adult females, %

    79 (70-89)

    54¶ (24-78)

    Radios / 1000 population

    408 (201-433)

    147 (88-269)

    TVs / 1000 population

    78 (49-141)

    23 (16-62)

    *Countries with available estimates of GDP per capita between 2000 and 5000 international dollars in 1995 (purchasing power parity), excluding transition economies in Europe. Good and bad performers selected by ratio of observed under 5 mortality rate to that predicted from regression on income.

    †Data are medians (range)

    ‡This values currencies by their internal purchasing power rather than by international exchange rates.

    §Lower values indicate greater equality.

    ¶Data for 4 countries only; mean of ranks 2 and 3.

    **More than 2 standard deviations below the reference value for their age.

    Sources for data: World Resources Institute, United Nations Environment Programme, United Nations Development Programme, World Bank. World Resources 1998-99. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1998. Bellamy C. The state of the world's children, 1997. Oxford: Oxford University Press for UNICEF; 1997.

Related articles

See more

Cited by...

Back to top