Mortality associated with oral contraceptive use: 25 year follow up of cohort of 46 000 women from Royal College of General Practitioners' oral contraception study
BMJ 1999; 318 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.318.7176.96 (Published 09 January 1999) Cite this as: BMJ 1999;318:96
- Valerie Beral, professor (beral{at}icrf.icnet.uk)a,
- Carol Hermon, scientific officera,
- Clifford Kay, directorb,
- Philip Hannaford, professorb,
- Sarah Darby, professora,
- Gillian Reeves, statistician.a
- aImperial Cancer Research Fund, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford OX2 6HE
- bRoyal College of General Practitioners, Manchester Research Unit, Parkway House, Manchester M22 4DB
- Correspondence to: Professor Beral
- Accepted 15 September 1998
Abstract
Objective: To describe the long term effects of the use of oral contraceptives on mortality.
Design: Cohort study with 25year follow up. Details of oral contraceptive use and of morbidity and mortality were reported six monthly by general practitioners. 75% of the original cohort was “flagged” on the NHS central registers.
Setting: 1400 general practices throughout Britain.
Subjects: 46000 women, half of whom were using oral contraceptives at recruitment in 1968-9.Median age at end of follow up was 49 years.
Main outcome measures: Relative risks of death adjusted for age, parity, social class, and smoking.
Results: Over the 25year follow up 1599deaths were reported. Over the entire period of follow up the risk of death from all causes was similar in ever users and never users of oral contraceptives (relative risk=1.0, 95% confidence interval 0.9 to 1.1; P=0.7) and the risk of death for most specific causes did not differ significantly in the two groups. However, among current and recent (within 10years) users the relative risk of death from ovarian cancer was 0.2(0.1to 0.8; P=0.01), from cervical cancer 2.5(1.1to 6.1; P=0.04), and from cerebrovascular disease 1.9(1.2to 3.1,P=0.009). By contrast, for women who had stopped use >=10 years previously there were no significant excesses or deficits either overall or for any specific cause of death.
Conclusion: Oral contraceptives seem to have their main effect on mortality while they are being used and in the 10years after use ceases. Ten or more years after use ceases mortality in past users is similar to that in never users.