Screening for diabetes: what are we really doing?
BMJ 1998; 317 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.317.7173.1644 (Published 12 December 1998) Cite this as: BMJ 1998;317:1644
- Elizabeth Goyder (e.goyder@sheffield.ac.uk), visiting researcher,
- Les Irwig, professor
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Correspondence to: Dr Goyder, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DA
- Accepted 3 August 1998
Summary points
Current recommendations for diabetes screening suggest that screening decisions should be based on the risk of diabetes itself
However, it is more logical to base screening and treatment decisions on the risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications that can be prevented effectively by early intervention
People with diabetes detected by screening are at high risk of macrovascular disease and comparatively low risk of microvascular complications
Early treatment for other macrovascular risk factors may be more important than early treatment for diabetes itself
Methods
With no direct evidence of long term benefit from randomised controlled trials in screened populations, we used Medline and the Cochrane Library to identify randomised controlled trials that included populations with clinical diabetes and reported long term outcomes. We also used a model of clinical non-insulin dependent diabetes to estimate outcomes in the absence of screening. 8 9
Screening for disease
Most current screening guidelines and recommendations use a model of disease screening when they suggest screening for diabetes. Research has focused on establishing the sensitivity and specificity of different tests, and tends to measure the success of a diabetes screening programme in terms of the number of new cases identified.10–12
One problem with focusing on case detection is that the potential benefit of screening is not similar for all cases. The risk of microvascular complications increases with the plasma glucose concentration and the duration of diabetes, while the risk of macrovascular disease depends on age, sex, genes, and lifestyle, as well as hyperglycaemia. As an increased risk of macrovascular disease may occur in people whose plasma glucose concentration is lower than values found in diabetes, it is difficult to identify a single …
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