Risk factors for development of incipient and overt diabetic nephropathy in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: prospective, observational study
BMJ 1997; 314 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7083.783 (Published 15 March 1997) Cite this as: BMJ 1997;314:783- Mari-Anne Gall, research fellowa,
- Philip Hougaard, statisticianc,
- Knut Borch-Johnsen, chief physicianb,
- Hans-Henrik Parving, chief physiciana
- a Steno Diabetes Center DK 2820 Gentofte Denmark
- b Centre of Preventive Medicine Glostrup University Hospital DK 2600 Glostrup Denmark
- c Statistics Novo Nordisk DK 2880 Bagsvaerd Denmark
- Correspondence to: Dr Gall
- Accepted 31 December 1996
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate putative risk factors for the development of incipient diabetic nephropathy (persistent microalbuminuria) and overt diabetic nephropathy (persistent macroalbuminuria) in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes.
Design: Prospective, observational study of a cohort of white, non-insulin dependent diabetic patients followed for a median period of 5.8 years.
Setting: Outpatient clinic in tertiary referral centre.
Subjects: 191 patients aged under 66 years with non-insulin dependent diabetes and normoalbuminuria (urinary albumin excretion rate<30 mg/24 h) who attended the clinic during 1987.
Main outcome measures: Incipient and overt diabetic nephropathy.
Results: Fifteen patients were lost to follow up. Thirty six of the 176 remaining developed persistent microalbuminuria (30-299 mg/24 h in two out of three consecutive 24 hour urine collections) and five developed persistent macroalbuminuria (≥300 mg/24 h in two out of three consecutive collections) during follow up. The five year cumulative incidence of incipient diabetic nephropathy was 23% (95% confidence interval 17% to 30%). Cox's multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed the following risk factors for the development of incipient or overt diabetic nephropathy: increased baseline log urinary albumin excretion rate (relative risk 11.1 (3.4 to 35.9); P<0.0001); male sex (2.6 (1.2 to 5.4); P<0.02); presence of retinopathy (2.4 (1.3 to 4.7); P<0.01); increased serum cholesterol concentration (1.4 (1.1 to 1.7); P<0.01); haemoglobin A 1c concentration (1.2 (1.0 to 1.4); P<0.05); and age (1.07 (1.02 to 1.12); P<0.01). Known duration of diabetes, body mass index, arterial blood pressure, serum creatinine concentration, pre-existing coronary heart disease, and history of smoking were not risk factors.
Conclusion: Several potentially modifiable risk factors predict the development of incipient and overt diabetic nephropathy in normoalbuminuric patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes.
Footnotes
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Funding No external funding.
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Competing interests None.
- Accepted 31 December 1996