Research Methods & Reporting
ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions
BMJ 2016; 355 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i4919 (Published 12 October 2016) Cite this as: BMJ 2016;355:i4919Data supplement
Web Extra
Files in this Data Supplement:
- Data Supplement - Appendix: The seven domains of bias addressed in the ROBINS-I assessment tool
- Data Supplement - Supplementary tables. Table A: Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies – of Interventions (ROBINS-I) assessment tool. Table B: Reaching risk of bias judgements in ROBINS-I: pre-intervention and at-intervention domains. Table C: Reaching risk of bias judgements in ROBINS-I: post-intervention domains. Table D: Interpretation of domain-level and overall risk of bias judgements in ROBINS-I
Related articles
- Research Methods & Reporting Published: 18 October 2011; BMJ 343 doi:10.1136/bmj.d5928
- Education And Debate Published: 11 May 1996; BMJ 312 doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7040.1215
- Research Methods & Reporting Published: 21 September 2017; BMJ 358 doi:10.1136/bmj.j4008
- Research Methods & Reporting Published: 14 November 2018; BMJ 363 doi:10.1136/bmj.k3532
- Research Published: 28 November 2018; BMJ 363 doi:10.1136/bmj.k4738
- Research Published: 02 January 2019; BMJ 364 doi:10.1136/bmj.k4718
- Research Methods & Reporting Published: 30 January 2019; BMJ 364 doi:10.1136/bmj.k4597
- Practice Published: 20 June 2019; BMJ 365 doi:10.1136/bmj.l2239
- Research Methods & Reporting Published: 28 August 2019; BMJ 366 doi:10.1136/bmj.l4898
- Research Methods & Reporting Published: 09 October 2019; BMJ 367 doi:10.1136/bmj.l5342
- Research Published: 18 March 2020; BMJ 368 doi:10.1136/bmj.m575
- Research Published: 13 May 2020; BMJ 369 doi:10.1136/bmj.m1361
- Research Published: 16 December 2020; BMJ 371 doi:10.1136/bmj.m4290
- Research Methods & Reporting Published: 12 January 2021; BMJ 372 doi:10.1136/bmj.m4856
- Research Methods & Reporting Published: 29 March 2021; BMJ 372 doi:10.1136/bmj.n71
- Research Methods & Reporting Published: 29 March 2021; BMJ 372 doi:10.1136/bmj.n160
- Research Published: 28 April 2021; BMJ 373 doi:10.1136/bmj.n808
- Research Published: 15 September 2021; BMJ 374 doi:10.1136/bmj.n1864
- Research Published: 18 November 2021; BMJ 375 doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-068302
- Research Published: 18 January 2022; BMJ 376 doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-067516
- Research Published: 02 March 2022; BMJ 376 doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-068632
- Research Published: 04 April 2022; BMJ 377 doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-066375
- Research Published: 10 May 2022; BMJ 377 doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-069400
- Research Published: 31 May 2022; BMJ 377 doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-069989
- Research Published: 03 August 2022; BMJ 378 doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-070135
- Research Published: 21 September 2022; BMJ 378 doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-070244
- Research Published: 08 March 2023; BMJ 380 doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-072924
- Research Published: 05 April 2023; BMJ 381 doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-071620
- Research Published: 19 July 2023; BMJ 382 doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-075244
- Research Methods & Reporting Published: 20 November 2023; BMJ 383 doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-076754
- Research Published: 29 November 2023; BMJ 383 doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-073552
- Research Methods & Reporting Published: 06 February 2024; BMJ 384 doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-076335
- Research Methods & Reporting Published: 12 February 2024; BMJ 384 doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-076460
- Research Methods & Reporting Published: 15 March 2024; BMJ 384 doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-076851
See more
- Doctors report big rise in patients with illness because of socioeconomic factorsBMJ March 01, 2024, 384 q538; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.q538
- Diphtheria: WHO publishes first ever guidance following outbreaksBMJ February 14, 2024, 384 q407; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.q407
- Measles outbreaks: Investing in patient relationships through GP continuity will be key to boosting MMR confidenceBMJ January 29, 2024, 384 q221; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.q221
- Sixty seconds on . . . educationBMJ January 26, 2024, 384 q207; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.q207
- Prisoners die from natural causes 20 years earlier than the general population, finds reviewBMJ January 26, 2024, 384 q198; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.q198
Cited by...
- Nipah Virus Therapeutics: A Systematic Review to Support Prioritisation for Clinical Trials
- Assessing robustness to worst case publication bias using a simple subset meta-analysis
- Use of contraceptives, empowerment and agency of adolescent girls and young women: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Overly complex methods may impair pragmatic use of core evidence-based medicine principles
- Resective epilepsy surgery and its impact on depression in adults: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and implications for future research
- Risk of stroke with different levels of leisure-time physical activity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
- Immersive virtual reality and psychological well-being in adult chronic physical illness: systematic review
- Effects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training on mortality rates after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Association between disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs for rheumatoid arthritis and risk of incident dementia: a systematic review with meta-analysis
- Does the implementation of a trauma system affect injury-related morbidity and economic outcomes? A systematic review
- Integrating large language models in systematic reviews: a framework and case study using ROBINS-I for risk of bias assessment
- Chrono-optimization of influenza vaccine administration: A systematic review and meta-analysis
- Tools for assessing quality of studies investigating health interventions using real-world data: a literature review and content analysis
- The Impact of Gender on Pediatric Surgical Access and Outcomes in Africa
- Process guide for inferential studies using healthcare data from routine clinical practice to evaluate causal effects of drugs (PRINCIPLED): considerations from the FDA Sentinel Innovation Center
- Personal strategies to reduce the effects of landscape fire smoke on asthma-related outcomes: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis
- Updated recommendations for the Cochrane rapid review methods guidance for rapid reviews of effectiveness
- Balloon dilation for the treatment of male urethral strictures: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Effect of smoke-free policies in military settings on tobacco smoke exposure and smoking behaviour: a systematic review
- Rapid reviews methods series: Guidance on assessing the certainty of evidence
- Association between antidepressant use during pregnancy and miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Safety and efficacy of adjunctive intra-arterial antithrombotic therapy during endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- How does air pollution threaten mental health? Protocol for a machine-learning enhanced systematic map
- Use of whole blood in pediatric trauma: a narrative review
- Hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia in neonatal encephalopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Treat-to-target recommendations in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica
- Effectiveness and safety profile of greater occipital nerve blockade in cluster headache: a systematic review
- Exhaled CO2 monitoring to guide non-invasive ventilation at birth: a systematic review
- Systemic corticosteroids in fibrotic lung disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Have interventions aimed at assisting general practitioners in facilitating earlier diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children been successful? A systematic review protocol
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of school-based preventive interventions targeting e-cigarette use among adolescents
- Interpregnancy weight change and risks of stillbirth and infant mortality: a protocol of a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Protection of the third-dose and fourth-dose mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Phosphene and Motor Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Thresholds Are Correlated: A Meta-Analytic Investigation
- Braid stability after flow diverter treatment of intracranial aneurysms: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Comprehensive Evaluation and Analysis of Multi-Rod Constructs in Adult Spinal Deformity
- The moderating and mediating role of eating behaviour traits in acceptance and commitment therapy-based weight management interventions: protocol for an individual participant data meta-analysis
- Key performance indicators in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): protocol for a systematic review
- Effect of synchronous remote-based interventions on suicidal behaviours: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Blood test result communication in primary care: mixed-methods systematic review protocol
- Cancer-related breathlessness: opioids other than morphine - comprehensive literature review
- Rapid reviews methods series: Guidance on team considerations, study selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment
- Mechanical thrombectomy for the treatment of primary and secondary distal medium-vessel occlusion stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis
- Tunnelled external versus implanted port central venous catheters in paediatric oncology: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Endovascular treatment versus medical management for mild stroke with acute anterior circulation large vessel occlusion: a meta-analysis
- Social media use and health risk behaviours in young people: systematic review and meta-analysis
- Nebulised granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- ROB-ME: a tool for assessing risk of bias due to missing evidence in systematic reviews with meta-analysis
- Treatment of schizotypal disorder: a protocol for a systematic review of the evidence and recommendations for clinical practice
- Incidence of admission ionised hypocalcaemia in paediatric major trauma: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Efficacy of vibrotactile positional therapy devices on patients with positional obstructive sleep apnoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Observational Studies
- Effect of Simulation-Based Learning Strategies on Undergraduate Radiologic Science Students
- Recruitment strategies and interventions to increase participation in lung cancer screening programmes: a systematic review protocol
- Host, parasite and drug determinants of clinical outcomes following treatment of visceral leishmaniasis: a protocol for individual participant data meta-analysis
- Prognostic prediction models for clinical outcomes in patients diagnosed with visceral leishmaniasis: protocol for a systematic review
- What is the relationship between raising the minimum legal sales age of tobacco above 20 and cigarette smoking? A systematic review
- The impact of self-isolation on psychological wellbeing and how to reduce it: a systematic review
- Montelukast in paediatric asthma and allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Physical function in children/adolescents with chronic kidney disease and the impact of exercise intervention: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis
- Cocreators experiences and effectiveness of cocreated interventions in improving health behaviours of adults with non-communicable diseases: a systematic review protocol
- Characterisation of HIV-1 reservoirs in paediatric populations: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Strategies for reducing pain at dressing change in chronic wounds: protocol for a mapping review
- Prognostic Value of HER2-low Status in ER+ Early Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
- Ionising radiation and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis
- Physical activity and physical fitness among children and adolescents after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in the WHO European Region: a systematic review protocol
- Long- versus short-duration systemic corticosteroid regimens for acute exacerbations of COPD: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials and cohort studies
- Ambient air pollution and clinical dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis
- Development of the TrAnsparent ReportinG of observational studies Emulating a Target trial (TARGET) guideline
- Direct to angiosuite strategy versus standard workflow triage for endovascular therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis
- Evaluating scope and bias of population-level measles serosurveys: a systematic review and bias assessment
- Long-term outcomes of flow diversion for unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Return-to-work interventions for sick-listed employees with burnout: a systematic review
- Mucous fistula refeeding in neonates: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- The Effect of Diabetes Mellitus on the Pharmacokinetics of Tuberculosis Drugs
- Dignity therapy, psycho-spiritual well-being and quality of life in the terminally ill: systematic review and meta-analysis
- How to Conduct a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: A Guide for Clinicians
- Oxygen saturation targets for children with respiratory distress: a systematic review
- Repurposed drug studies on the primary prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection during the pandemic: systematic review and meta-analysis
- Comparison of BioLIFT versus LIFT for the treatment of trans-sphincteric anal fistula: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis
- Protective effects of sacubitril/valsartan in anthracyclines-induced cardiotoxicity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
- Risk of opioid-related mortality associated with buprenorphine versus methadone: A systematic review of observational studies
- Comparative effectiveness of different types of exercise in reducing arterial stiffness in children and adolescents: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
- Patient financial incentives to improve asthma management: a systematic review
- Evaluating trends in private equity ownership and impacts on health outcomes, costs, and quality: systematic review
- Efficacy of high-intensity versus low-intensity psychoanalytically oriented long-term treatments and determinants of outcome: individual participant data Meta-analysis of Long-term Analytic treatment Studies (MeLAS)
- Cannabis-Microbiome Interactions in Varied Clinical Contexts: A Comprehensive Systematic Review
- Mind-body exercise interventions for prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Prevalence, risk factors and management of common mental health disorders in Cameroon: a systematic review protocol
- Strategies to integrate oral health into primary care: a systematic review
- Definitive pelvic radiotherapy for patients with newly diagnosed stage IVB cervical cancer: a systematic review
- Magnetic resonance imaging-radiomics in endometrial cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis