Health in the Middle East

At the height of the Arab-Islamic civilisation between the 8th and 12th century, scholars laid the foundation for modern medicine based on observation and reasoning.1 Avicenna's Al Qanun of Medicine was the standard medical text in Europe for several centuries. In the bimaristans (hospitals), still standing in the heart of Aleppo (figure), the mentally ill were treated with water, music, light, and the scent of flowers—testament to enlightened attitudes. Today, the geopolitical remnants of that empire, a legacy of past conflicts and externally imposed boundaries, includes some of the poorest and richest countries in the world, whose basic health indicators generally parallel their economic status.

Bimaristan hospital for the mentally ill in Aleppo, Syria

Credit: AL MOHANDES AL MADANY

Many of these countries, rich and poor, spend far more on defence than on health and research and development combined and are lagging behind on major indices of development.²³ Authoritarian regimes, economic incentives, and conflicts have resulted in the migration of health professionals: an estimated 15 000 Arab doctors left their countries between 1998 and 2000.3 Wide health disparities within some countries exceed those between rich and poor nations. This issue of the BMJ draws attention to these health divides, the high burden of disease associated with preventable conditions, and the lack of political will to tackle them. It also shows how local initiatives can achieve change.

Most countries still lack reliable, regularly updated, population based data on the major causes of morbidity and mortality.4 Cardiovascular disease, cancer, and injuries are still not covered by regular surveillance in the Eastern Mediterranean Region.4 Where data exist, poor reporting regulations and practices affect their quality and reduce the usefulness of national registries.4 Without such data, it is impossible to define health priorities accurately or design effective health systems, let alone assess their impact.

The lack of expertise in systematic collection of data is mirrored by a lack of expertise in its analysis, particularly at governmental level. Academic research, another important component of the study of health, is neither a priority nor a necessity for career advancement in most universities in the region. Arab countries currently produce less than 0.5% of the papers that are published in the world's top 200 medical journals,1 in obvious disproportion to their economic and human capacities. Furthermore, good data are often poorly used because the mechanisms that connect the production of knowledge (academia) and its consumption (policy makers and the general public) are poorly developed. All these factors contribute to what in most countries is a haphazard distribution of healthcare services.

The failure of governments to provide comprehensive healthcare services has led to health care being taken over by market forces. This has transformed it into a commodity with a curative, rather than preventive, orientation. This shift in orientation means that the development of health systems has been driven by economic opportunities for providers, not the health needs of the population, and this has fueled disparity in access to health care.

Failure of public health systems has also led to the widespread distribution of risk factors for disease, such as smoking, obesity, and hypertension.5 Solutions for such health problems cannot necessarily be imported. For example, advocating diet and physical activity to combat the epidemic of obesity among women in Arab societies may be naive. Overwhelmed by having to take care of large households, and deprived of basic knowledge and power to conceptualise life outside traditional frameworks, women may be unable to alter their lives.5 Classic socioeconomic disparities in health can overlie more fundamental ones. Greater exploration of power relationships, political representation, gender roles, and normative values of traditional societies is needed to understand and respond to the health needs of local communities. For many people in the region, health improvement must start somewhere else—with education, equality, and security.

This level of exploration and understanding requires broad but locally oriented research agendas backed by a vibrant civil society that promotes evidence based health and shields scientific inquiry from dominant social and political doctrines. More research is also needed in “taboo” areas associated with major health problems—for example, domestic violence, mental health, and the health of special groups (such as Palestinian refugees and Kurdish minorities). The taboos may be unwritten but their impact at government level is strong. In authoritarian regimes health ministries have little incentive to present “bad” or politically loaded data or work on such data obtained from other sources, especially as they are not held accountable for failing to do so by independent bodies or a free press.

Against this bleak background, multiple conflicts are tearing the Middle East apart and delaying all aspects of development. These conflicts are used by national governments and outside powers alike to divert public attention from developmental failures. They nourish narrow interests and result in suffering and despair, driving people to regroup along ethnic, religious, and tribal loyalties, which undermine the state's status and erode the community's spirit and trust. Health, along with all facets of life in this turbulent region, can only be improved if nations recognise the importance of investing in science, health, education, and culture. In the long run this is the only way they can provide their populations, rich or poor, with the means to assert their rights and assume responsibility for their own destiny.