ResearchOriginal ResearchCalcium Intake in the United States from Dietary and Supplemental Sources across Adult Age Groups: New Estimates from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2006
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Sample Population and Data Collection
NHANES is the only national survey that collects extensive health information from both face-to-face interviews and medical examinations. The data provide a cross-sectional picture of health and nutrition in the US population. The survey uses a complex, stratified, multistage, probability-cluster sampling design. A detailed description of the NHANES plans and procedures is provided elsewhere (24, 25).
The National Center for Health Statistics presently conducts NHANES in biennial cycles. The
Results
Participant characteristics are shown in Table 1. The total number of participants included in the analyses was 9,475. Median calcium intakes are presented in Table 2. Median dietary calcium intake in men decreased by 22.7% from the youngest to the oldest age group, from 942 mg/day to 728 mg/day (P<0.001). In women, it decreased by 14.1% (686 mg/day to 589 mg/day) from the youngest to oldest age group (P=0.003).
After age 30 years, energy intake for both men and women was consistently lower in
Discussion
Many studies present data describing calcium intake in the US population. Among them, this study is unique in that calcium intake from both dietary and supplemental sources were evaluated across adult age groups and compared to concomitant patterns of energy intake. In relating calcium and energy intake, calcium density within the diet was assessed and highlighted the fact that calcium density, as well as supplementation, plays a critical role in attainment of established AI levels.
Our data
Conclusions
Calcium plays a fundamental role in promoting bone health and forestalling osteoporosis. In light of evidence that energy intake declines with aging, calcium-dense foods and calcium supplements become vital factors in maintaining adequate calcium intake across the lifespan. Encouraging calcium supplementation is an established approach to addressing this issue in the clinical setting—one that needs additional emphasis to promote more frequent and sufficient supplementation in meeting AI levels.
K. M. Mangano is a certified dietitian nutritionist, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs
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K. M. Mangano is a certified dietitian nutritionist, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs
S. J. Walsh is an associate professor, School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs
J. E. Kerstetter is a professor, Department of Allied Health Studies, University of Connecticut, Storrs
K. L. Insogna is a professor of Internal Medicine Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
A. M. Kenny is a professor, Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington
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