Characteristics of participants by categories of average cumulative total intake of calcium. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise
| Characteristics | Daily total intake of calcium (mg/day) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <600 | 600-999 | 1000-1399 | ≥1400 | |
| Participants | 2058 (3.3) | 38 388 (62.5) | 19 746 (32.1) | 1241 (2.0) |
| Mean (SD) age at entry (years) | 54.9 (10.3) | 53.9 (9.8) | 53.3 (9.5) | 53.6 (9.3) |
| Mean (SD) body mass index at entry (kg/m2) | 24.9 (4.3) | 24.7 (3.9) | 24.8 (3.9) | 24.3 (3.8) |
| Daily intake*: | ||||
| Total calcium (mean, mg) | 572 (150) | 933 (142) | 1243 (206) | 2137 (565) |
| Total calcium (median, mg) | 543 | 859 | 1096 | 1514 |
| Calcium (mean, mg) | 533 (66) | 840 (99) | 1088 (105) | 1244 (271) |
| Calcium (median, mg)† | 542 | 852 | 1074 | 1260 |
| Calcium supplementation† | 61 (16.7) | 4054 (17.6) | 5137 (35.4) | 803 (76.8) |
| Calcium supplement use (500 mg calcium/tablet)† | 10 (2.7) | 394 (1.7) | 1472 (10.1) | 694 (66.4) |
| Calcium containing multivitamin use (120 mg calcium per tablet)† | 54 (14.8) | 3785 (16.4) | 4290 (29.5) | 444 (42.5) |
| Supplemental calcium (mean, mg)† | 107 (81) | 122 (90) | 241 (241) | 1063 (697) |
| Vitamin D (mean, μg) | 4.1 (1.4) | 4.3 (1.2) | 4.7 (1.3) | 5.1 (1.6) |
| Vitamin D supplementation† | 54 (14.8) | 3802 (16.5) | 4296 (29.6) | 448 (42.9) |
| Supplemental vitamin D (mean, µg)† | 0.6 (1.6) | 0.7 (1.8) | 1.5 (2.6) | 2.9 (6.4) |
| Retinol (mean, μg) | 930 (675) | 974 (601) | 1012 (559) | 1026 (541) |
| Potassium (mean, mg) | 2695 (528) | 3018 (437) | 3253 (452) | 3421 (572) |
| Alcohol (mean, g) | 2.7 (4.7) | 3.0 (4.0) | 2.8 (3.4) | 2.9 (3.6) |
| Protein (mean, g) | 52.4 (22.9) | 62.6 (17.8) | 71.0 (18.8) | 77.4 (23.5) |
| Total fat (mean, g) | 54.3 (10.5) | 56.2 (8.3) | 56.5 (8.6) | 55.5 (9.6) |
| Energy (mean, kJ) | 6636 (2494) | 6778 (1891) | 6803 (1858) | 6945 (2117) |
| Leisure time physical activity level†‡: | ||||
| 1 (lowest) | 100 (33.8) | 4202 (20.6) | 2425 (18.6) | 164 (17.7) |
| 2 | 52 (17.6) | 4883 (24.0) | 2975 (22.8) | 240 (25.8) |
| 3 | 81 (27.4) | 6678 (32.8) | 4552 (34.9) | 294 (31.7) |
| 4 | 31 (10.5) | 2362 (11.6) | 1587 (12.2) | 113 (12.2) |
| 5 (highest) | 32 (10.8) | 2232 (11.0) | 1488 (11.4) | 118 (12.7) |
| Smoking status: | ||||
| Current smoker†‡ | 112 (32.2) | 5138 (22.8) | 3330 (23.4) | 251 (24.5) |
| Non-smoker†‡ | 66 (19.0) | 5066 (22.5) | 3325 (23.3) | 271 (26.5) |
| Former smoker†‡ | 170 (48.9) | 12 321 (54.7) | 7591 (53.3) | 502 (49.0) |
| Education: | ||||
| ≤9 years‡ | 1710 (84.7) | 30 543 (81.0) | 15 175 (78.3) | 928 (76.1) |
| 10-12 years‡ | 123 (6.1) | 2580 (6.8) | 1387 (7.2) | 85 (7.0) |
| >12 years‡ | 46 (2.3) | 1584 (4.2) | 1114 (5.8) | 78 (6.4) |
| Vocational or other‡ | 139 (6.9) | 3018 (8.0) | 1708 (8.8) | 128 (10.5) |
| Nulliparity | 280 (13.6) | 4083 (10.6) | 2021 (10.2) | 139 (11.2) |
| Living alone‡ | 540 (26.4) | 8638 (22.7) | 4877 (25.0) | 377 (30.6) |
| Charlson comorbidity score: | ||||
| 1 | 285 (13.9) | 4166 (10.9) | 2121 (10.7) | 188 (15.2) |
| ≥2 | 182 (8.8) | 2978 (7.8) | 1541 (7.8) | 109 (8.8) |
| Fracture before baseline | 93 (4.5) | 1735 (4.5) | 951 (4.8) | 74 (6.0) |
| Hormone replacement therapy use† | 140 (38.4) | 10 070 (43.7) | 6801 (46.8) | 575 (55.0) |
| Cortisone tablet use†‡ | 38 (15.0) | 1639 (10.4) | 1123 (11.0) | 150 (19.5) |
*Energy adjusted cumulative average nutrient data was estimated with data from the 1987 and 1997 questionnaires.
†Information only available in 1997 questionnaire.
‡Incomplete data: at baseline (1987): educational level (n=60 346) and living alone (n=60 860); at second questionnaire (1997): leisure time physical activity level (n=34609), smoking status (n=38143), and cortisone use (n=27011).