Characteristics of trials comparing the effect on body weight change in adults of isocaloric diets high in free sugars with diets relatively low in free sugars
| Study | Methods | Participants | Diet | Outcomes | Study duration | Dose | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Control | ||||||
| Bantle 199248 | Randomised crossover trial of isocaloric metabolically controlled dietary interventions | 12 men and women with type 2 diabetes | High fructose, high carbohydrate diet (55% of energy) | High starch, low sugars, high carbohydrate diet (55% of energy) | Plasma glucose, urinary glucose, lipids, postprandial triglycerides, body weight | 4 weeks per treatment | 20% of total energy/day from sucrose v <3% of total energy/day from fructose |
| Bantle 199349 | Randomised crossover trial of isocaloric metabolically controlled dietary interventions | 12 men and women with type 2 diabetes; 6 with type 1 diabetes | High sucrose, high carbohydrate diet (55% of energy) | High starch, low sugars, high carbohydrate diet (55% of energy) | Plasma glucose, urinary glucose, lipids, postprandial triglycerides, body weight | 4 weeks per treatment | 19% of total energy/day from sucrose v <3% of total energy/day from sucrose |
| Grigoresco 198850 | Randomised crossover comparing isocaloric, free living diets | 8 well controlled adults with type 2 diabetes | Isoglucidic diet replacing 30g/d starch with 30g/d fructose | Starch diet | Glycaemic control, glycaemic and insulinaemic responses, uric acid, lipids, body weight | 2 months | 30 g/day of fructose v 30 g/day of starch |
| Koivisto 199351 | Double blind, randomised, isocaloric, hospital inpatient, crossover study | 10 men and women with type 2 diabetes | High carbohydrate diet supplemented with crystalline fructose | High carbohydrate diet | Glycaemic control, lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, insulin sensitivity | 4 weeks | 20% of total energy (45-65 g/day) from fructose replacing complex carbohydrate |
| Malerbi 199652 | Crossover trial of isocaloric, weight maintaining diets | 16 free living men and women with type 2 diabetes | (1) High fructose diet; (2) high sucrose diet | High starch diet | Metabolic and B cell secretion effects | 28 days per treatment with 14 day washout periods | (1) 63 g/day of fructose and 5 g/day of sucrose; (2) 3 g/day of fructose and 79 g/day of sucrose; control: 3 g/day of fructose and 14 g/day of sucrose |
| Mann 1972b53 | Randomised crossover trial of hospital treatments | 9 normolipidemic men with history of non-metabolic health condition in previous year | Typical Western diet with about 140 g/day of sucrose | Typical Western diet with isocaloric replacement of sucrose with complex carbohydrate | Serum lipids | 14 days | 140 g/day in the intervention group, which was replaced with starch in the control group |
| Mann 197354 | Clinical metabolic inpatient crossover trial of isocaloric, controlled energy diets | 9 men (7 with chronic neurological disorders, 2 apparently healthy) | High sucrose, Western diet | Normal sucrose Western diet | Serum lipids | 14 days | 160 g/day v 80 g/day of sucrose (difference of 17% TE)* |
| Osei 198955 | Randomised crossover study | 13 men and women with type 2 diabetes (outpatients) | Weight maintaining, diabetic, high carbohydrate (50% of energy), high fructose diet | Isocaloric, weight maintaining, diabetic diet, high in complex carbohydrates (50% of energy) | Serum glucose, HbA1c, lipids, serum uric acid, serum lactic acid, weight | 6 months per treatment | 60 g/day of crystalline fructose replacing complex carbohydrate |
| Peterson 198656 | Randomised crossover trial of two 6 week diets | 23 non-obese men and women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, otherwise healthy | High sucrose diet (same as for control diet but 45 g/day sucrose replacing starch) | High fibre, high CHO diet | Glycaemic control, lipids | 6 weeks per treatment | 45 g/day of sucrose replaced with 45 g/day of complex carbohydrate |
| Santacroce 199057 | Randomised crossover study comparing two isocaloric diets | 12 adults with insulin dependent diabetes | Typical Italian, high CHO, low fat, diabetic diet supplemented with sucrose | Typical Italian, high CHO, low fat, low sucrose diabetic diet | Glycaemic control, lipids | 2 months per treatment | 30 g/day of sucrose replaced with 30 g of starch |
| Swanson 199258 | Randomised crossover design feeding trial comparing isoenergetic diets | 14 healthy, normal to overweight men and women | High fructose (20% TE) diet | Low fructose (<3% TE), high starch diet | Metabolic variables including HbA1c, glycaemic responses, serum lactate, lipids | 28 days per treatment | 100 g/day v 14 g/day of fructose† |
CHO=carbohydrates; TE=total energy intake; HbA1c=glycated haemoglobin.
*Treatments were not given in a randomised order.
†Carbohydrates differed only in the proportions of starch and fructose.