Rate ratio of acute kidney injury associated with exposure to current double or triple therapy combination according to half life of NSAID and duration of use. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise
| Current use* | Cases (n=2215) | Controls (n=21 993) | Rate ratio (95% CI) | P for interaction | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | Adjusted† | ||||
| Diuretics only | 209 (9.4) | 2632 (12.0) | Reference | Reference | |
| Diuretics plus NSAIDs: | |||||
| NSAID’s half life <12 hours | 151 (6.8) | 1656 (7.5) | 1.18 (0.95 to 1.47) | 1.03 (0.82 to 1.30) | 0.5209 |
| NSAID’s half life ≥12 hours | 5 (0.2) | 83 (0.4) | 0.74 (0.30 to 1.85) | 0.76 (0.30 to 1.91) | |
| Duration‡ ≤30 days | 32 (1.4) | 208 (1.0) | 1.87 (1.25 to 2.79) | 1.46 (0.96 to 2.24) | 0.0211 |
| Duration‡ 31-60 days | 26 (1.2) | 246 (1.1) | 1.32 (0.86 to 2.04) | 1.12 (0.71 to 1.76) | |
| Duration‡ 61-90 days | 36 (1.6) | 379 (1.7) | 1.20 (0.83 to 1.74) | 1.04 (0.71 to 1.53) | |
| Duration‡ >90 days | 62 (2.8) | 906 (4.1) | 0.90 (0.67 to 1.21) | 0.83 (0.61 to 1.13) | |
| ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers only | 148 (6.7) | 1889 (8.6) | Reference | Reference | |
| ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers plus NSAIDs: | |||||
| NSAID’s half life <12 hours | 132 (6.0) | 1853 (8.4) | 0.95 (0.74 to 1.21) | 0.88 (0.68 to 1.14) | 0.7200 |
| NSAID’s half life ≥12 hours | 6 (0.3) | 54 (0.3) | 1.43 (0.60 to 3.40) | 1.04 (0.41 to 2.64) | |
| Duration‡ ≤30 days | 17 (0.8) | 195 (0.9) | 1.13 (0.67 to 1.91) | 1.13 (0.66 to 1.96) | 0.1149 |
| Duration‡ 31-60 days | 24 (1.1) | 247 (1.1) | 1.26 (0.80 to 1.98) | 1.07 (0.66 to 1.73) | |
| Duration‡ 61-90 days | 30 (1.4) | 390 (1.8) | 1.02 (0.68 to 1.54) | 0.93 (0.61 to 1.43) | |
| Duration‡ >90 days | 67 (3.0) | 1075 (4.9) | 0.83 (0.62 to 1.13) | 0.77 (0.56 to 1.06) | |
| Diuretics plus ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers | 414 (18.7) | 2432 (11.1) | Reference | Reference | |
| Diuretics plus ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers plus NSAIDs: | |||||
| NSAID’s half life <12 hours | 520 (23.5) | 2343 (10.7) | 1.33 (1.15 to 1.53) | 1.29 (1.11 to 1.51) | 0.2157 |
| NSAID’s half life ≥12 hours | 24 (1.1) | 81 (0.4) | 1.73 (1.08 to 2.77) | 1.77 (1.07 to 2.93) | |
| Duration‡ ≤30 days | 83 (3.8) | 234 (1.1) | 2.00 (1.52 to, 2.63) | 1.82 (1.35 to 2.46) | <.0001 |
| Duration‡ 31-60 days | 94 (4.2) | 309 (1.4) | 1.76 (1.37 to 2.27) | 1.63 (1.24 to 2.15) | |
| Duration‡ 61-90 days | 140 (6.3) | 500 (2.3) | 1.66 (1.34 to 2.06) | 1.56 (1.24 to 1.97) | |
| Duration‡ >90 days | 227 (10.3) | 1381 (6.3) | 1.00 (0.84 to 1.20) | 1.01 (0.84 to 1.23) | |
ACE=angiotensin converting enzyme; NSAID=non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
*Within 90 days before index date; current users of other antihypertensive drugs and past users (>90 days before index date) of double and triple therapy combinations are not shown but were considered in regression model.
†Adjusted for covariates listed in table 1.
‡Length of exposure to double or triple therapy combination.