Change in mean energy content of lunchtime purchases from fast food outlets between 2007 and 2009, before and after introduction of calorie labelling
| Mean (95% CI) energy content/purchase (kcal)* | Difference (P value) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Spring 2007 | Spring 2009 | ||
| Outlet: | 827.8 (806.5 to 849.0) | 846.1 (825.9 to 866.4) | 18.4 (0.22) |
| McDonald’s | 829.2 (802.6 to 855.9) | 785.2 (758.9 to 811.5) | −44.0 (0.02) |
| Burger King | 923.8 (888.8 to 958.9) | 967.4 (928.1 to 1006.8) | 43.6 (0.10) |
| Wendy’s | 858.0 (807.1 to 908.8) | 820.9 (771.3 to 870.5) | −37.1 (0.31) |
| Subway | 749.2 (722.1 to 776.4) | 882.3 (859.8 to 904.8) | 133.1 (<0.001) |
| Au Bon Pain | 554.5 (513.4 to 595.6) | 474.5 (455.2 to 493.8) | −80.0 (<0.001) |
| KFC | 926.7 (896.1 to 957.3) | 867.8 (841.8 to 893.8) | −58.9 (0.004) |
| Popeye’s | 948.5 (883.7 to 1013.2) | 974.5 (943.0 to 1006.0) | 26.1 (0.48) |
| Domino’s | 1309.1 (978.8 to 1639.5) | 1028.9 (862.4 to 1195.5) | −280.2 (0.14) |
| Pizza Hut | 1039.0 (962.9 to 1115.1) | 942.8 (836.7 to 1048.8) | −96.2 (0.14) |
| Papa John’s | 622.8 (468.5 to 777.1) | 571.4 (486.9 to 655.8) | −51.4 (0.57) |
| Taco Bell | 773.2 (670.3 to 876.1) | 807.7 (764.6 to 850.9) | 34.5 (0.54) |
| Sex: | |||
| Men | 886.3 (860.8 to 911.8) | 901.0 (879.1 to 922.9) | 14.7 (0.39) |
| Women | 771.2 (749.7 to 792.8) | 792.7 (770.7 to 814.8) | 21.5 (0.16) |
| Poverty by store location†: | |||
| Low | 806.1 (762.3 to 849.8) | 829.9 (786.6 to 873.3) | 23.9 (0.44) |
| Moderate | 832.0 (804.0 to 860.0) | 849.0 (817.2 to 880.7) | 16.9 (0.43) |
| High | 840.0 (800.7 to 879.3) | 857.6 (827.5 to 887.7) | 17.5 (0.48) |
*1 kcal = 4.184 kilojoules.
†Poverty is categorised by percentage of households in the store’s zip code that were below twice the national poverty level: <25% in low poverty neighbourhoods, 25%–45% in moderate poverty neighbourhoods, >45% in high poverty neighbourhoods.