Table 5

Subgroup analyses for trial methods and clinical characteristics for fetal outcomes in evaluation of dietary and lifestyle interventions in pregnancy

Subgroup	Birth weight (g)			Large for gestational age			Small for gestational age
Subgroup	No of studies	Mean difference (95% CI)	P value for interaction	No of studies	Relative risk (95% CI)	P value for interaction	No of studies	Relative risk (95% CI)	P value for interaction
Intervention type:
Diet	10	−60 (−190 to 80)	0.22	5	0.78 (0.51 to 1.19)	0.16	3	1.02 (0.75 to 1.37)	0.76
Physical activity	14	−60 (−120 to −10)		4	0.52 (0.25 to 1.09)		4	1.28 (0.52 to 3.15)
Mixed	7	10 (−50 to 70)		9	1.05 (0.79 to 1.40)		4	0.88 (0.53 to 1.44)
Diabetic status:
Women with diabetes	5	−60 (−170 to 50)	0.80	13	0.97(0.73 to 1.27)	0.34	3	1.03 (0.75 to 1.41)	0.77
Normal women	26	−40 (−100 to 10)	0.80	5	0.76 (0.50 to 1.15)	0.34	8	0.95 (0.64 to 1.42)	0.77
BMI:
Obese and overweight	9*	−20 (−90 to 50)	0.43	7†	1.05 (0.68 to 1.63)	0.13	4*†	1.17 (0.77 to 1.80)	0.35
Any weight	23*	−60 (−130 to 10)	0.43	12†	0.71 (0.55 to 0.91)	0.13	9*†	0.92 (0.68 to 1.24)	0.35
Maternal weight change with intervention:
Significantly reduced	7	−170 (−300 to −40)	0.002	5‡	0.79 (0.50 to 1.25)	0.70	2‡	1.03 (0.74 to 1.42)	0.78
No significant change	24	−10 (−50 to −30)	0.002	12‡	0.88 (0.66 to 1.17)	0.70	8‡	0.95 (0.64 to 1.42)	0.78
Risk of bias (allocation concealment):
High risk	26	−60 (−120 to 0)	0.33	15	0.82 (0.63 to 1.08)	0.66	7	0.89 (0.63 to 1.25)	0.35
Low risk	5	0 (−90 to 80)	0.33	3	0.96 (0.51 to 1.80)	0.66	4	1.13 (0.79 to 1.62)	0.35

*Polley et al⁶⁶ data presented separately for normal weight women and overweight women.

†Phelan 2011 et al⁶⁵ data presented separately for normal weight women and overweight women.

‡Ferrara 2011 et al⁵⁸did not provide data for gestational weight gain.