Table 4

Subgroup analyses for trial methods and clinical characteristics for maternal outcomes in evaluation of dietary and lifestyle interventions in pregnancy

Subgroup	Gestational weight gain (kg)			Pre-eclampsia
Subgroup	No of studies	Mean difference (95% CI)	P value for interaction	No of studies	Relative risk (95% CI)	P value for interaction
Intervention type:
Diet	10	−3.84 (−5.22 to −2.45)	<0.001	6	0.67 (0.53 to 0.85)	0.05
Physical activity	14	−0.72 (−1.20 to −0.25)		0	—
Mixed	10	−1.06 (−1.67 to −0.46)		4	1.16 (0.70 to 1.90)
Diabetic status:
Women with diabetes	4	−1.85 (−2.44 to −1.26)	0.33	3	0.65 (0.50 to 0.84)	0.06
Normal women	30	−1.4 (−2.09 to −0.71)	0.33	7	1.01 (0.68 to 1.50)	0.06
BMI:
Obese and overweight	11*†	−2.41 (−4.04 to -0.77)	0.05	7†	0.81 (0.58 to 1.14)	0.49
Any weight	25*†	−0.63 (−1.24 to -0.02)	0.05	4†	0.70 (0.53 to 0.92)	0.49
Maternal weight change with intervention:
Significantly reduced	—	—	—	4	0.61 (0.47 to 0.79)	0.009
No significant change	—	—	—	6	1.12 (0.77 to 1.61)	0.009
Risk of bias (allocation concealment):
High risk	28	−0.89 (−1.61 to −0.17)	0.07	7	0.73 (0.56 to 0.93)	0.76
Low risk	6	−2.14 (−3.28 to −1.01)	0.07	3	0.78 (0.53 to 1.16)	0.76

*Polley et al⁶⁶ data presented separately for normal weight women and overweight women.

†Phelan 2011 et al⁶⁵ data presented separately for normal weight women and overweight women.