Table 3

Effect of dietary and lifestyle interventions in pregnancy* on secondary fetal and neonatal outcomes (ranked as critically important by Delphi survey, except for infant hyperbilirubinaemia). Summary estimates are relative risks unless stated otherwise

	No of studies	No of participants	Relative risk (95% CI)	P value	I² (%)
Dietary intervention
Intrauterine death	2^{28 30}	1320	0.15 (0.02 to 1.20)	0.07	0
Admission to neonatal intensive care unit	2^{28 31}	1962	0.98 (0.66 to 1.47)	0.93	77
Shoulder dystocia	3^{28 31 34}	2082	0.38 (0.21 to 0.69)	0.001	0
Birth trauma	2^{28 31}	1961	0.36 (0.11 to 1.23)	0.10	0
Respiratory distress syndrome	2^{28 31}	1962	1.05 (0.48 to 2.28)	0.91	58
Infant hypoglycaemia	3^{28 31 34}	1877	1.05 (0.83 to 1.33)	0.69	41
Infant hyperbilirubinaemia	2^{28 31}	1898	0.84 (0.64 to 1.10)	0.19	0
Mixed approach
Intrauterine death	0	—	—	—	—
Admission to neonatal intensive care unit	1⁶⁷	304	0.98 (0.56 to 1.71)	0.94	NA
Shoulder dystocia	1⁶³	235	0.90 (0.06 to 14.14)	0.94	NA
Birth trauma	0	—	—	—	—
Respiratory distress syndrome	0	—	—	—	—
Infant hypoglycaemia	2^{57 63}	269	2.35 (0.47 to 11.76)	0.3	0
Infant hyperbilirubinaemia	0	—	—	—	—
All interventions
Intrauterine death	2	1320	0.15 (0.02 to 1.20)	0.07	0
Admission to neonatal intensive care unit	3	2266	1.00 (0.75 to 1.33)	1.00	58
Shoulder dystocia	4	2317	0.39 (0.22 to 0.70)	0.002	0
Birth trauma	2	1961	0.36 (0.11 to 1.23)	0.10	0
Respiratory distress syndrome	2	1962	1.05 (0.48 to 2.28)	0.91	58
Infant hypoglycaemia	5	2146	1.07 (0.85 to 1.35)	0.55	10
Infant hyperbilirubinaemia	2	1898	0.84 (0.64 to 1.10)	0.19	0

*No randomised studies evaluated effect of physical activity for above outcomes.

NA=not applicable.