Table 1.

Different systems for quality control of information on the internet, ranging from present state of uncontrolled information to an unrealistic and undesirable state of full centralised control of information. In between are two decentralised filtering approaches: the present “upstream filtering” approach, and a possible future “downstream filtering” approach supported by software

Uncontrolled, raw informationIntermediate state of labelled or filtered information (“bottom up” quality control)Centrally controlled information (“top down” quality control)
Present systemPossible future system
Quality controlNoneDecentralised control by a few third partiesDecentralised control by many third parties and usersCentral control
Quality criteriaNoneSet by third partiesSet by usersSet by central institution
StructureAnarchicIn principle anarchic, but with option for users to take guidance by selecting rating servicesIn principle anarchic, but with option for users to take guidance by letting software automatically consult multiple rating servicesGoverned structure
DataRaw dataData evaluated by third partyData labelled (categorised, rated, weighted) by author or third party, or bothData edited or controlled
FilteringNone, unimpeded rivers of dataUpstream filtering by third parties (review services). Users cannot influence selection criteriaDownstream filtering by users and collaborative filtering. Users define selection criteriaUpstream filtering imposed by central body (such as government). Filtering criteria set by third party
Control of informationChaotic, anarchic state with information of unclear qualityInformation evaluated by third partiesHigh quality information easy to find. Data rated, labelled, and weighted according to users' criteria“Censored” information