Perioperative characteristics of entire cohort. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise
| Echocardiogram (n=40 084) | No echocardiogram (n=224 739) | Absolute standardised difference (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hospital type | |||
| Teaching hospital | 12 943 (32.3) | 74 131 (33.0) | 1.5 |
| Procedure quarter*: | |||
| First (lowest) | 8458 (21.1) | 57 389 (25.5) | 10.4 |
| Second | 10 207 (25.5) | 53 198 (23.7) | 4.2 |
| Third | 10 692 (26.7) | 55 996 (24.9) | 4.1 |
| Fourth (highest) | 10 727 (26.8) | 58 156 (25.9) | 2.0 |
| Procedure | |||
| Abdominal aortic aneurysm repair | 4288 (10.7) | 6115 (2.7) | 32.4 |
| Carotid endarterectomy | 3172 (7.9) | 5710 (2.5) | 24.5 |
| Peripheral vascular bypass | 2684 (6.7) | 7802 (3.5) | 14.6 |
| Total hip replacement | 7143 (17.8) | 52 667 (23.4) | 13.9 |
| Total knee replacement | 11 277 (28.1) | 79 998 (35.6) | 16.2 |
| Large bowel surgery | 5807 (14.5) | 47 153 (21.0) | 17.1 |
| Liver resection | 216 (0.5) | 1539 (0.7) | 2.6 |
| Whipple procedure | 171 (0.4) | 1358 (0.6) | 2.8 |
| Pneumonectomy or lobectomy | 2400 (6.0) | 6560 (2.9) | 15.1 |
| Gastrectomy or oesophagectomy | 1116 (2.8) | 4547 (2.0) | 5.2 |
| Nephrectomy | 1459 (3.6) | 8921 (4.0) | 2.1 |
| Cystectomy | 351 (0.9) | 2369 (1.1) | 2.0 |
| Perioperative care | |||
| Epidural anaesthesia | 11 859 (29.6) | 46 997 (20.9) | 20.1 |
| Arterial line | 18 669 (46.6) | 58 312 (25.9) | 44.1 |
| Central venous line | 7561 (18.9) | 19 693 (8.8) | 29.6 |
| Pulmonary artery catheter | 2321 (5.8) | 4113 (1.8) | 21.0 |
*Divided into quarters of approximately equal patient numbers, on basis of total volume of eligible procedures over entire study period.28