Dozens of recycled plastic mineral water bottles are filled with brightly coloured solutions. The bottles are full of oral morphine, colour coded for different strengths—green for the weakest, then pink, and blue for the strongest. Every day, teams of nurses take them to paediatric and cancer wards and patients living at home near Kampala, Uganda.

In a country where fewer than 5% of cancer patients ever receive radiotherapy or chemotherapy, and with a high HIV/AIDS prevalence, the need for pain relief is crucial, says Anne Merriman, an Irish palliative care specialist who set up Hospice Africa there in 1993.

She agreed to establish the service on condition the government changed its rules on morphine provision. Previously only doctors, dentists, and vets were allowed to prescribe opioids—although midwives could prescribe pethidine. In the early 1990s oral morphine was used only rarely, and with a shortage of doctors, few patients ever met a health worker allowed to prescribe it. In 1992 the government agreed to allow nurses and clinical officers trained in palliative care at Hospice Uganda to prescribe oral morphine. “The government had seen so much suffering with the AIDS epidemic. Everyone had a family member who had died in agony,” says Dr Merriman.