Euthanasia for newborn babies with lethal and disabling conditions is illegal worldwide. However, in reality its acceptance and practice vary between different countries.1 In the Netherlands, about 200 000 live births occur annually; of these, 10-20 babies—mostly with severe congenital malformations—are thought to be actively killed, yet between 1997 and 2004 only 22 such deaths were reported to the authorities.2

To regulate neonatal euthanasia, clinicians in the Netherlands have argued that all cases should be reported. In collaboration with lawyers, they have developed and subsequently published guidance,3 which defines criteria that must be fulfilled before euthanasia can be considered and which would subsequently be examined by the statutory legal authorities (see box). Doctors who follow this guidance are not guaranteed freedom from prosecution, but to date no paediatrician in the Netherlands has been prosecuted.

In 2006 it was reported in the national press in the United Kingdom that, in response to a consultation undertaken …