Access to the full text of this article requires a subscription or payment. Please log in or subscribe below.

Prevention should target vaccination, contaminated needles, and aflatoxins

  1. Andrew J Hall (andy.hall@lshtm.ac.uk), professor of epidemiology,
  2. Christopher P Wild, professor of molecular epidemiology (c.p.wild@leeds.ac.uk)
  1. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT
  2. University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT

    Hepatocellular carcinoma affects more than 500 000 people globally annually, and five year mortality exceeds 95%. More than half of these people are in China, and the incidence in sub-Saharan Africa is also high.1 The causes of most of these cancers are now known, and their prevention is possible.

    More than 50% of hepatocellular carcinomas are due to persistent (as opposed to transient) hepatitis B infection, and around 25% are due to persistent hepatitis C virus.2 However, persistent hepatitis B infection occurs primarily as a result of infection in the first five years of life, whereas most hepatitis C infection occurs in adult life. Thus primary liver cancer in younger individuals (under 50 years of age) is attributable to hepatitis B in more than 75% of the patients.

    Aflatoxins are fungal toxins that commonly contaminate maize, groundnuts, and other crops. They play an important part in modifying the risk of liver cancer associated with hepatitis B. After being metabolised in the liver the toxin can bind to guanine …

    Access to the full text of this article requires a subscription or payment

    Subscribe

    Article access

    Article access for 1 day

    Purchase this article for £20 $30 €32*

    The PDF version can be downloaded as your personal record

    * Prices do not include VAT

    Rapid responses

    THIS WEEK'S POLL

    BMJ most popular