ABC of palliative care: Depression, anxiety, and confusion
BMJ 1997; 315 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7119.1365 (Published 22 November 1997) Cite this as: BMJ 1997;315:1365- Jennifer Barraclough
Introduction
A common mistake is to assume that depression and anxiety represent nothing more than natural and understandable reactions to incurable illness. When cure is not possible, the analytical approach we adopt to physical and psychological signs and symptoms is often forgotten. Excuse is found in the overlap of symptoms due to physical disease, depression, and anxiety. This error of approach and the lack of diagnostic importance given to major and minor symptoms of depression result in underdiagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorder
Losses and threats of major illness
Knowledge of a life threatening diagnosis, prognostic uncertainty, fears about dying and death
Physical symptoms such as pain and nausea
Unwanted effects of medical and surgical treatments
Loss of functional capacity, loss of independence, enforced changes in role
Practical issues such as finance, work, housing
Changes in relationships, concern for dependants
Changes in body image, sexual dysfunction, infertility
The emotional and cognitive changes in patients with advanced disease reflect both psychological and biological effects of the medical condition and its treatment. Psychological adjustment reactions after diagnosis or relapse often include fear, sadness, perplexity, and anger. These usually resolve within a few weeks with the help of the patients' own personal resources, family support, and professional care. A minority of patients, about 10-20%, develop formal psychiatric disorders that require specific evaluation and management in addition to general support. It is important to recognise psychiatric disorders because, if untreated, they add to patients' suffering and hamper their ability to come to terms with their illness, put their affairs in order, and communicate with others.
Risk factors for anxiety and depression
Organic mental disorders
Poorly controlled physical symptoms
Poor relationships and communication between staff and patient
Past history of mood disorder or misuse of alcohol or drugs
Personality traits hindering adjustment—Such as rigidity, pessimism, extreme need for independence and control
Concurrent life events or social difficulties
Lack …
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