The future of healthcare systems
BMJ 1997; 314 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7093.1495 (Published 24 May 1997) Cite this as: BMJ 1997;314:1495Information technology and consumerism will transform health care worldwide
- Richard Smith, Editora
- a BMJ, London WC1H 9JR
Extrapolation of current trends is a poor way to think about the future, particularly at times of great change. The best method, according to Ian Morrison, former president of the Institute for the Future in California, seems to be to bring together a diverse group of people knowledgeable about the subject of interest, provide them with good data, and ask them to imagine a series of possible scenarios. Earlier this year Andersen Consulting, the world's largest management consulting firm, invited 25 people from different parts of health care and from 10 countries to Singapore to consider how the world's healthcare systems might develop.
The group was particularly interested in what part “managed care” might play. The World Bank has argued that it has much to offer internationally, and many American managed care organisations have already begun to operate outside the United States. One of the main conclusions of the meeting was that the whole system of managed care (if there is such a thing) had little to offer but that the many tools of managed care (see box) had much to offer most healthcare systems.
Some tools of managed care
Managing demand
Capitation
Gatekeepers
Advice lines to patients
User fees
Consumer education
Medical management
Review of use
Preadmission
certification
Disease management
Greater use of guidelines
Care delivery
Telemedicine
Greater use of non-doctors
Although every healthcare system is different, they can be grouped into four “archetypes.” Socialised medicine (as in Britain or Sweden) covers everybody, has a single payer, and usually has those who provide care salaried or capitated (paid so much for every person for whom they provide care). Socialised insurance (as in Australia, Canada, or France) also covers everybody and has a single payer but pays those who provide care a fee for each service. Mandatory insurance (as in Germany, Brazil, Japan, Malaysia, and …
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