BMJ, doi: 10.1136/bmj.38043.583160.EE, (Published 5 April 2004)

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Risk of complications of pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes: nationwide prospective study in the Netherlands

Inge M Evers 1, Harold W de Valk 2, Gerard H A Visser 1

1 Department of Obstetrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85090, 3508 AB, Utrecht, Netherlands
2 Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Utrecht

Objective To investigate maternal, perinatal, and neonatal outcomes of pregnancies in women with type 1 diabetes in the Netherlands.

Design Nationwide prospective cohort study.

Setting All 118 hospitals in the Netherlands.

Participants 323 women with type 1 diabetes who became pregnant between 1 April 1999 and 1 April 2000.

Main outcome measures Maternal, perinatal, and neonatal outcomes of pregnancy.

Results 84% (n=271) of the pregnancies were planned. Glycaemic control early in pregnancy was good in most women (HbA1c <=7.0% in 75% (n=212) of the population), and folic acid supplementation was adequate in 70% (n=226). 314 pregnancies that went beyond 24 weeks' gestation resulted in 324 infants. The rates of pre-eclampsia (40; 12.7%), preterm delivery (101; 32.2%), caesarean section (139; 44.3%), maternal mortality (2; 0.6%), congenital malformations (29; 8.8%), perinatal mortality (9; 2.8%), and macrosomia (146; 45.1%) were considerably higher than in the general population. Neonatal morbidity (one or more complications) was extremely high (260; 80.2%). The incidence of major congenital malformations was significantly lower in planned pregnancies than in unplanned pregnancies (4.2% (n=11) v 12.2% (n=6); relative risk 0.34, 95% confidence interval 0.13 to 0.88).

Conclusion Despite a high frequency of planned pregnancies, resulting in overall good glycaemic control (early) in pregnancy and a high rate of adequate use of folic acid, maternal and perinatal complications were still increased in women with type 1 diabetes. Neonatal morbidity, especially hypoglycaemia, was also extremely high. Near optimal maternal glycaemic control (HbA1c <=7.0%) apparently is not good enough.

(Accepted 18 February 2004)
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