Papers

Life is sweet: candy consumption and longevity

I-Min Lee, assistant professor,  Ralph S Paffenbarger Jr, adjunct professor. 

Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA

Correspondence to: Dr Lee i-min.lee{at}channing.harvard.edu

Our attitude towards candy"if it tastes that good, it can't be healthy"betrays society's puritanical stance towards pleasure. Candy has been blamed for various ills, including hyperactivity in children; however, clinical trials have not supported this.¹

Candysugar confectionery and chocolateis not a recent invention: the ancient Arabs, Chinese, and Egyptians candied fruits and nuts in honey, and the Aztecs made a chocolate drink from the bean of the cacao tree. Today, Americans gratify themselves with, on average, 5.4 kg of sugar candy and 6.5 kg of chocolate per person annually.²

Since candy has existed for centuries, we surmised that it cannot be totally unhealthy. We decided to investigate whether candy consumption was associated with longevity.

	Subjects, methods, and results

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Subjects were from the Harvard alumni health study, an ongoing study of men entering Harvard University as undergraduates between 1916 and 1950. We included 7841 men, free of cardiovascular disease and cancer, who responded to a health survey in 1988 providing information on consumption of candy.

We asked about the average number of servings of candy eaten in the past year. Response options ranged from "almost never" to "6+ per day." In analyses, we regarded as non-consumers of candy the men who answered "almost never." The survey also asked about other health habits (see table). We obtained death certificates for men who died up to the end of 1993; mortality follow up was >99% complete.

Table 1 compares the attributes of consumers and non-consumers of candy. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate the relative risks of mortality associated with candy consumption. We initially adjusted for age and additionally accounted for other health habits (see table ) in multivariate models. Both cigarette habit and duration of smoking were included in multivariate models, with duration of 0 years assigned to men not smoking at baseline.

Consumers and non-consumers of candy differed in several ways. Those who did not indulge were older, leaner, and more likely to smoke (table). They drank more, ate less red meat and vegetables or green salad, and were more likely to take vitamin or mineral supplements. However, physical activity and duration of smoking among current smokers was similar in the two groups.

Between 1988 and 1993, 514 men died: 7.5% of non-consumers, but only 5.9% of consumers (age adjusted relative risk 0.83; 95% confidence interval 0.70 to 0.98). Adjustment for other characteristics in the table strengthened the finding (relative risk 0.73; 0.60 to 0.89).

We then examined different levels of candy intake. Compared with non-consumers, the relative risks of mortality among men who consumed candy 1-3 times a month (1704 men), 1-2 times a week (1589 men), and 3 or more times a week (1236 men) were 0.64 (0.48 to 0.86), 0.73 (0.55 to 0.96), and 0.84 (0.64 to 1.11), respectively, in multivariate analysis (P for trend=0.06).

Finally, using life table analysis truncated at age 95, we estimated that (after adjustment for age and cigarette smoking) candy consumers enjoyed, on average, 0.92 (0.04 to 1.80) added years of life, up to age 95, compared with non-consumers.

	Comment

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Consumption of candy was associated with greater longevity in this study. Men who indulged lived almost a year longer, up to age 95, than did abstainers.

We could not differentiate between consumption of sugar candy and chocolate in our study. One plausible explanation for our observations may be the presence of antioxidant phenols in chocolate. A 41 g piece of chocolate contains about the same amount of phenol as a glass of red wine, and alcohol consumption, in moderation, lowers the risk of coronary heart disease.³ Direct evidence regarding the antioxidant properties of chocolate also exists. Cacao liquor phenol can inhibit reactive oxygen species, as well as modulate immune function.⁴ Additionally, cacao powder extract is a powerful antioxidant for oxidation of low density lipoprotein cholesterol.⁵ These beneficial effects of chocolate may decrease the risk of heart disease and cancer.

Unfortunately, greater consumption of candy was not associated with progressively lower mortality. Mortality was lowest among those consuming candy 1-3 times a month and highest among those indulging this habit three or more times a week. Non-consumers of candy, however, still had the highest mortality overall. As with most things in life, moderation seems to be paramount.

	Acknowledgments

This is report No LXXII in a series on chronic disease in former college students.

Funding: HL 34174 and CA 44854 from the National Institutes of Health.

Competing interests: The authors admit to a decided weakness for chocolate and confess to an average consumption of one bar a day each.

	References

Top Subjects, methods, and results Comment References

1. Krummel DA, Seligson FH, Guthrie HA. Hyperactivity: is candy causal? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1996; 36: 31-47[Medline].
2. National Confectioners Association, Chocolate Manufacturers Association (USA).
3. Doll R. One for the heart. BMJ 1997; 315: 1664-1668[Free Full Text].
4. Sanbongi C, Suzuki N, Sakane T. Polyphenols in chocolate, which have antioxidant activity, modulate immune functions in humans in vitro. Cellular Immunol 1997; 177: 129-136[Medline].
5. Waterhouse AL, Shirley JB, Donovan JL. Antioxidants in chocolate. Lancet 1996; 348: 834[Medline].