BMJ  2005;331:414-415 (20 August), doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7514.414

Editorial

Survival after stroke in south London

Is apparently higher in black patients than in white ones

Few studies have compared the incidence and outcome of stroke in black and white people from the same population. Two population based stroke registers in US cities^{1 2} and one in the United Kingdom (the south London stroke register)³ found twice the incidence of stroke adjusted for age and sex in black people than in white people. Adjusting for socioeconomic status in the south London register attenuated but did not abolish this excess.³ None of these registers has found a significant difference between black people and white people in survival after stroke, and all have therefore attributed the excess mortality in black people to a higher incidence of stroke.^2-4

The south London register now includes more than 2000 patients with a first ever stroke over seven years and has accrued 6000 person years of follow-up.⁵ Such studies are rare these days even in the UK, whose universal healthcare system makes it an ideal location for population based epidemiological research. The challenges include obtaining ethical approval for observational studies without explicit consent, getting long term grants to support the research, and maintaining the enthusiasm of the research team and its collaborators.

In today's BMJ, Wolfe et al present their updated comparison of survival after stroke in black people and white people. On the face of it, the findings are surprising: black patients seemed to have a survival advantage, with a reduction of about a third in the relative risk of dying, corresponding to an increased median survival time of almost 14 months.⁵

So is this finding real or a methodological artefact, and if artefact what are the possible reasons? One possible methodological explanation is differential under-ascertainment of stroke cases between ethnic groups. The researchers on the south London register have previously assessed completeness of case ascertainment by using capture-recapture methods, implying that it is almost 90% complete for both black people and white people.⁶ However, the validity of these methods for stroke registers has been questioned.^{7 8} Also the proportions of cases in the register that were notified by general practitioners (14%) and not admitted to hospital (15%) were lower than in the UK based Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project and its successor, the Oxford vascular study, in both of which most cases were notified by general practitioners, and over 40% were not admitted to hospital.^8-10 This may indicate that the register missed a disproportionate number of patients with mild strokes who were not admitted to hospital. If this affected more white patients than black ones (for example, if more black patients sought care directly at hospital rather than at their general practice, and white patients obtained private health care outside the NHS more often, making them harder to detect) it could cause an apparent excess stroke incidence and survival advantage in black people.

Alternatively, can the findings be explained by residual confounding? Black patients in the south London register were younger (by about 10 years), had a higher proportion of lacunar ischaemic strokes (which have a very low case fatality), and were more likely to be admitted to hospital and be cared for on a stroke unit,⁵ all of which would tend to improve survival. However, the survival advantage persisted after adjustment for demographic variables, socioeconomic status, prior risk factors and their management, stroke severity, and acute stroke management. Adjustment for stroke severity in particular may have been incomplete as analyses were stratified by the main pathological types of stroke (ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, and subarachnoid haemorrhage), but it is unclear whether adjustment for the distributions of ischaemic stroke subtypes was undertaken.

However, the combination of differential case ascertainment and residual confounding could probably not explain all of the difference in survival, so what could explain a genuine ethnic difference? Subgroup analyses found that the difference was confined to older patients and those with minimal disability before their stroke,⁵ but as only 166 black patients died this could be a chance finding. The authors propose that better control of risk factors among black patients may partly explain their better survival, and that the migrant population from Africa and the Caribbean may be particularly healthy.⁵ But this would not explain the increased incidence of stroke in black people. Like studies in the US,^{11 12} the south London register found a higher prevalence of hypertension and diabetes and a lower prevalence of ischaemic heart disease and atrial fibrillation in black stroke patients than in white ones. Such differences in risk factors may differentially influence particular causes of death after stroke, such as recurrent stroke or myocardial infarction. Finally, black patients could have better community care provision than white patients. Although the south London register's researchers have found no clear difference in the provision of NHS care after stroke between ethnic groups,¹³ they have not yet studied the care provided by families and other social networks, which may differ between ethnic groups.

The results are intriguing, and should encourage further studies of these possible explanations in south London and elsewhere.

Division of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU (cathie.sudlow{at}ed.ac.uk)

---

Papers p 431

Competing interests: None declared.

References

1. Sacco RL, Boden-Albala B, Gan R, Chen X, Kargman DE, Shea S, et al. Stroke incidence among white, black, and Hispanic residents of an urban community: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147: 259-68.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
2. Kissela B, Schneider A, Kleindorfer D, Khoury J, Miller R, Alwell K, et al. Stroke in a biracial population. The excess burden of stroke among blacks. Stroke 2004;35: 426-31.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
3. Wolfe CDA, Rudd AG, Howard R, Coshall C, Stewart J, Lawrence E, et al. Incidence and case fatality rates of stroke subtypes in a multiethnic population: the South London stroke register. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;72: 211-6.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
4. Hartmann A, Rundek T, Mast H, Paik MC, Boden-Albala B, Mohr JP, Sacco RL. Mortality and causes of death after first ischemic stroke. The northern Manhattan stroke study. Neurology 2001;57: 2000-5.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
5. Wolfe CDA, Smeeton NC, Coshall C, Tilling K, Rudd AG. Survival differences after stroke in a multiethnic population: follow-up study with the south London stroke register. BMJ 2005;331: 431-3.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
6. Tilling K, Sterne JAC, Wolfe CDA. Estimation of the incidence of stroke using a capture-recapture model including covariates. Int J Epidemiol 2001;30: 1351-9.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
7. Barer D. Commentary: Estimation of the incidence of stroke using a capture-recapture model including covariates. Int J Epidemiol 2001;30: 1359-60.[Free Full Text]
8. Coull AJ, Silver LE, Bull LM, Giles MF, Rothwell PM, on behalf of the Oxford Vascular (OXVASC) study. Direct assessment of completeness of ascertainment in a stroke incidence study. Stroke 2004;35: 2041-7.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
9. Bamford J, Sandercock P, Dennis M, Warlow C, Jones L, McPherson K, et al. A prospective study of acute cerebrovascular disease in the community: the Oxfordshire community stroke project 1981-6. 1. Methodology, demography and incident cases of first-ever stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988;51: 1373-80.[Abstract]
10. Rothwell PM, Coull AJ, Giles MF, Howard SC, Silver LE, Bull LM, et al. Change in stroke incidence, mortality, case-fatality, severity, and risk factors in Oxfordshire, UK from 1981 to 2004 (Oxford vascular study). Lancet 2004;363: 1925-33.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
11. Sacco RL, Boden-Albala B, Abel G, Lin I-F, Elkind M, Hauser A, et al. Race-ethnic disparities in the impact of stroke risk factors. The northern Manhattan stroke study. Stroke 2001;32: 1725-31.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
12. McGruder HF, Malarcher AM, Antoine TL, Greenlund KJ, Croft JB. Racial and ethnic disparities in cardiovascular risk factors among stroke survivors. United States 1999-2001. Stroke 2004;35: 1557-61.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
13. McKevitt C, Coshall C, Tilling K, Wolfe C. Are there inequalities in the provision of stroke care? Analysis of an inner-city stroke register. Stroke 2005;36: 315-20.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this?

Related Article

Survival differences after stroke in a multiethnic population: follow-up study with the south London stroke register

Charles D A Wolfe, Nigel C Smeeton, Catherine Coshall, Kate Tilling, and Anthony G Rudd
BMJ 2005 331: 431. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Wolfe, C. D.A., Corbin, D. O.C., Smeeton, N. C., Gay, G. H.E., Rudd, A. G., Hennis, A. J., Wilks, R. J., Fraser, H. S. (2006). Poststroke Survival for Black-Caribbean Populations in Barbados and South London. Stroke 37: 1991-1996 [Abstract] [Full text]