BMJ  2004;329:122-123 (17 July), doi:10.1136/bmj.329.7458.122

Editorial

Compulsion and psychiatry—the role of advance statements

Liberation cannot be handed to the oppressed by the oppressor

Most psychiatrists accept reluctantly that from time to time they need to force patients to have treatment against their wishes. The British government's proposed changes to the Mental Health Act will increase compulsion in three ways. They will remove the requirement that a patient's condition must be severe enough to warrant admission to hospital, thus enabling compulsory treatment in the community; they will re-incorporate people with personality disorder; and they will introduce wider definitions of mental disorder and of treatment. Users of mental health services have long been concerned about compulsion and have tried to combat it. Twenty years ago groups such as Survivors Speak Out pioneered the use of crisis cards as a way of resisting compulsion in mental health emergencies. More recently, partly in response to the proposed legislation but also as part of a growing critical debate within the profession, psychiatrists have turned to advance statements (or advance agreements if made consensually with a mental health professional), in the hope that these will reduce compulsion and facilitate a more collaborative engagement with service users.^{1 2} An advance statement is a declaration made by a service user about preferences for treatment should future episodes of psychosis impair capacity. However, as no evidence exists for such interventions, the paper by Henderson et al in this issue is welcome (p 136).³

They found that patients who had joint care plans—a form of advance statement about care—were less likely to experience compulsion and spent fewer days detained in hospital than the control group. These results conflict with those from the only other study in this area. Papageorgiou et al found that advance statements had no impact on the outcome of care in terms of frequency of compulsory readmission or days spent in hospital.⁴ A striking feature of both studies is the high proportion of eligible patients who failed to make it to randomisation (Henderson et al, 66%; Papageorgiou et al, 73%).

Although joint care plans and advance statements differ, they share a collaborative approach to planning care in order to minimise compulsion. Despite this, many patients in both studies decided not to participate. This mirrors our experience in Bradford.⁵ Although a few people had negotiated advance statements individually with their consultants, two years of extensive development work with service users and mental health professionals generated a disappointingly low uptake of advance statements. Of 70 service users who attended presentations on advance statements only one took up the opportunity. This is puzzling. Attempts to reduce compulsion and increase the involvement of users in their care are noble objectives. Why are service users reluctant to get involved?

There are many possible reasons for this. Most people dislike making wills because to do so acknowledges the reality of death. Similarly service users may be reluctant to plan ahead because they prefer to deny the possibility of readmission. We want to focus on two ways of understanding this reluctance. The first concerns the appropriateness of using randomised controlled trials to evaluate complex interventions where it may be difficult to specify the active components, making replication difficult.⁶ The outcome of such interventions depends on contextual factors and how the participants interpret these. Joint care plans and advance statements are complex social interventions that occur in an intricate web of personal and professional relationships that are characterised by contested and competing values. Who had control of the processes of selection and initiation of joint care plans—service users or research staff? What training, preparation, and development work took place with users and staff? Meyer points out that action research is a more suitable method in such situations.⁷ The participatory nature of action research engages research subjects actively in the research processes of deciding the research questions, design, and implementation. It is more "democratic" than positivistic research and thus capable of taking different interests into account. The Bradford project used action research but still failed to enthuse service users. This implies a more fundamental problem relating to power and powerlessness.

Psychiatry, unlike any other branch of medicine, is the only specialty in which treatment is regularly given for extended periods against the person's wishes. Many service users do not consider themselves ill, yet find themselves forced to take medication. Another way of understanding the reluctance of service users to plan ahead is that they feel demoralised, disempowered, and oppressed by years of compulsion in the mental health system. We must be circumspect in hoping that interventions such as advance statements will change the situation. Psychiatrists are not the only oppressors; we include here the panoply of state control of deviance, stigmatisation by society, and our collective social intolerance of difference. As psychiatrists we have a duty to engage with our patients' painful social realities while grasping positive opportunities, as Henderson et al have done, for more collaborative ways of working.³

Against the wider political context psychiatrists and mental health professionals are right to fear the effect that increased compulsion will have on their relationships with service users, but the idea that we can soothe the pain of greater compulsion with the balm of advance statements is simplistic. Liberation, as Paulo Freire put it, cannot be handed to the oppressed by the oppressor,⁸ but we must continue to work with service users to make greater freedom a possibility for them. This is why advance statements and joint care plans are so important.

Bradford Assertive Outreach Team, Centre for Citizenship and Community Mental Health, School of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 0BB (p.thomas{at}bradford.ac.uk)

Bradford District Care Trust, Shipley BD18 3LD

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Papers p 136

Competing interests: None declared.

References

1. Bracken P, Thomas P. Postpsychiatry: a new direction for mental health. BMJ 2001;322: 724-7.[Free Full Text]
2. Double D. The limits of psychiatry. BMJ 2002;324: 900-4.[Free Full Text]
3. Henderson C, Flood C, Leese M, Thornicroft G, Sutherby K, Szmuckler G. Effect of joint crisis plans on use of compulsion in psychiatric treatment: single blind RCT. BMJ 2004:329: 136-8.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
4. Papageorgiou A, King M, Janmohamed A, Davidson O, Dawson J. Advance directives for patients compulsorily admitted to hospital with serious mental illness: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2002;181: 513-9.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
5. Mental Health Foundation. Advance statements in mental health care: lessons from Bradford. London: Mental Health Foundation, 2004.
6. Campbell M, Fitzpatrick R, Haines A, Kinmonth A, Sandercock P, Spiegelhalter D, et al. Framework for design and evaluation of complex interventions to improve health. BMJ 2000;321: 694-6.[Free Full Text]
7. Meyer J. Qualitative research in health care: using qualitative methods in health related action research. BMJ 2000;20: 178-81.
8. Freire P. The pedagogy of the oppressed. (Translated by Myra Ramos) London: Penguin, 1996.

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Relevant Article

Effect of joint crisis plans on use of compulsory treatment in psychiatry: single blind randomised controlled trial

Claire Henderson, Chris Flood, Morven Leese, Graham Thornicroft, Kim Sutherby, and George Szmukler
BMJ 2004 329: 136. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Henderson, C., Swanson, J. W., Szmukler, G., Thornicroft, G., Zinkler, M. (2008). A Typology of Advance Statements in Mental Health Care. Psychiatr. Serv. 59: 63-71 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Zinkler, M., Amering, M., Stastny, P., Hopper, K. (2005). Advance directives and advance agreements * Authors' reply:. Br. J. Psychiatry 187: 388-389 [Full text]  

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