Table B

Table C
 
 

Table A Numbers of children in study and control groups referred (those that subsequently underwent imaging investigations), according to certainty of diagnosis of urinary infection based on culture
 

Categories of diagnostic certainty	No referred (No imaged)
	Study practices	Control practices
Unequivocal:
>105/ml likely uropathogens	464 (442)*	180 (174)†
Equivocal:
>105/ml unlikely uropathogens‡, or heavy mixed growth	92 (75)	38 (35)
Excluded:
Urine culture sterile or <105/ml organisms	30 (15)	44 (40)
No information:
No urine collected	0	6 (6)
Urine sample not cultured	5 (3)	25 (21)
Total	591 (537)	293 (278)

*Six who had had previous normal scan results were not imaged. Three had an additional diagnosis (two were imaged).

†Three who had had previous normal scan results were not imaged.

‡Included Enterococci, Streptococcus viridans, or Pseudomonas spp.
 
 

Table B Number and findings of micturating cystography in study and control children
 

Indication for cystography	No performed (No with reflux)
	Study children	Control children
Aged <1 year	73 (12)	14 (0)
Parenchymal abnormality	11 (7)	4 (1)
Recurrent urinary tract infections aged <4 years	2 (0)	1 (1)
Total	86 (19)	19 (2)

 

Table C Indicators of clinical management for children with urinary infection, comparing study practices with most control practices and to four practices with simple direct access
 

Clinical management	Study practices (n=44)	Controls practices (n=40)	Control practices with direct access (n=4)
Referrals (cases/1000 children/year)
All ages	6.4	3.3	5.4
<1 year	0.9	0.3	0.3
Systemic symptoms only	1.4	0.3	0.3
Urine collection and culture (% of eligible):
Correctly used potty aged 3 or 4	27	4	0
No urine culture available on referral	0.5	11	17
Prophylactic antibiotics <4 years (%)	94	41	43