Shapely centrefolds? Temporal change in body measures: trend analysis

Martin Voracek, research resident ^a, Maryanne L Fisher, PhD candidate ^b. 

^a Department of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, Statistics and Documentation Branch, University of Vienna Medical School, AKH/Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Wien, Austria, ^b Department of Psychology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada

Correspondence to: M Voracek martin.voracek{at}akh-wien.ac.at

Body mass index (weight (kg)/(height (m)²) and waist:hip ratio in women are linked to fertility, endocrine status, risk of major diseases, and longevity.^1-3 Health related optimums for body mass index (20 or slightly lower²) and waist:hip ratio (0.7 or slightly lower³) are also maximally sexually attractive to men. ^{1 3} According to evolutionary research, these attractiveness optimums reflect evolved optimal design and thus should not be subject to temporal change.³

This assumption is not consonant with the decline in the optimally attractive body mass index that has occurred in the past few decades, as exemplified by fashion models depicted in the media. With increases in the incidence of eating disorders in the general population of women, this decline is a cause for concern. ^{4 5} In contrast, Singh has reported evidence for the temporal stability of the maximally attractive waist:hip ratio, on the basis of analysis of the waist:hip ratios of centrefold models in Playboy.³ However, Singh based this conclusion, as is the case for other studies pertaining to body measurements of Playboy centrefolds,⁴ on a partial sample.

	Subjects, methods, and results

Top Subjects, methods, and results Comment References

We looked at the trends in Playboy centrefold models' body measurements by analysing 577 consecutive monthly issues, from the magazine's inception in December 1953 to December 2001. We extracted centrefolds' anthropometric data: height, weight, and measurements for bust, waist, and hip (n=532-543, owing to missing data). We calculated composite measures from these data: body mass index, waist:hip ratio, waist:bust ratio, bust:hip ratio, and an androgyny index (suggested by a reviewer)waist/((hip*bust)**0.5). We correlated individual measures with magazine issue number (1 to 577).

All measures except weight, which was nearly stable (r=0.02) and hence may indicate a stable attractiveness cue, showed significant temporal change (if not specified, P<0.001). Whereas the increase in height (r=0.36) merely reflects the well known secular acceleration trend, and an increase in the age of models (r=0.22) was not relevant to this investigation, all other changes call for attention. Over time, bust size (r=0.36) and hip size (r=0.29) decreased, while waist size increased (r=0.27). Composite measures of body shape captured the same trends: body mass index (r=0.46) and bust:hip ratio (r=0.13; P=0.002) decreased, while waist:hip ratio (r=0.47), waist:bust ratio (r=0.48), and androgyny index (r=0.50) increased.

(Credit: KUNSTHISTORISCHES MUSEUM, VIENNA/BAL; KOBAL; DMW/REX) Changing trends in body shape: Rubens's wife (1636-8); Marilyn Monroe (1952); Eva Herzigova (2001)

	Comment

Top Subjects, methods, and results Comment References

The data suggest notable temporal trends in measures of body shape in Playboy centrefold models (figure). The typical body mass index of Playboy centrefolds has further descended below corresponding population levels, whereas their typical waist:hip ratio now approaches population levels. In sum, centrefold models' shapely body characteristics have given way to more androgynous ones. These temporal trends are at odds with claims that centrefolds' body shapes are still more "hourglasses" than "stick insects"⁴ and that the maximally sexually attractive female waist:hip ratio is stable.³

View larger version (27K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Temporal change in body measures of Playboy centrefold models. Circles show individual data points (slight random jitter added to increase visibility). Linear regression (middle line) and 99% confidence intervals (upper and lower curves) are superimposed

	Acknowledgments

Contributors: MV and MLF conceived the study, analysed the data, and wrote the article. MV is the guarantor.

	Footnotes

Funding: None.

Competing interests: None declared.

	References

Top Subjects, methods, and results Comment References

1.	Tovée MJ, Reinhardt S, Emery JL, Cornelissen PL. Optimum body-mass index and maximum sexual attractiveness. Lancet 1998; 352: 548[Medline].
2.	Manson JE, Willet WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Hankinson SE, et al. Body weight and mortality among women. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 677-685[Abstract/Free Full Text].
3.	Singh D. Adaptive significance of female physical attractiveness: role of waist-to-hip ratio. J Pers Soc Psychol 1993; 65: 293-307[CrossRef][ISI][Medline].
4.	Tovée MJ, Mason S, Emery JL, McClusky SE, Cohen-Tovée EM. Supermodels: stick insects or hourglasses? Lancet 1997; 350: 1474-1475[ISI][Medline].
5.	Rintala M, Mustajoki P. Could mannequins menstruate? BMJ 1992; 305: 1575-1576.