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Comparison of cardiovascular risk between patients with type 2 diabetes and those who had had a myocardial infarction: cross sectional and cohort studies
Josie M M Evans a Department of Epidemiology and Public Health,
Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, b Department of Clinical Pharmacology,
Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, c Department of Medicine, Ninewells
Hospital, Dundee Correspondence to: J M M Evans
j.m.m.stansfield{at}dundee.ac.uk
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 Introduction
Subjects and methods
Results
Discussion
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Objective:
To compare risks of cardiovascular
outcomes between patients with type 2 diabetes and patients with
established coronary heart disease.
Design:
Cross sectional study and cohort study using routinely collected datasets.
Setting:
Tayside, Scotland (population 400 000)
during 1988-95.
Subjects:
In the cross sectional study, among
patients aged 45-64, 1155 with type 2 diabetes were compared with 1347 who had had a myocardial infarction in the preceding 8 years. In the
cohort study 3477 patients of all ages with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes were compared with 7414 patients who had just had a myocardial infarction.
Main outcome measures:
Risk ratios for death from all
causes, cardiovascular death, and hospital admission for myocardial
infarction were calculated by Cox proportional hazards analysis and
adjusted for age and sex.
Results:
In the cross sectional study the adjusted risk ratio for death from all causes was 2.27 (95% confidence interval
1.82 to 2.83) for patients who had had myocardial infarction compared
with those with diabetes, and the risk ratio for hospital admission for
myocardial infarction was 1.33 (1.14 to 1.55). In the cohort study,
patients who had just had a myocardial infarction had a higher risk of
death from all causes (adjusted risk ratio 1.35 (1.25 to 1.44)),
cardiovascular death (2.93 (2.54 to 3.41)), and hospital admission for
myocardial infarction (3.10 (2.57 to 3.73)).
Conclusions:
Patients with type 2 diabetes were at
lower risk of cardiovascular outcomes than patients with established coronary heart disease.
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What is already known on this topic
Some clinicians therefore advocate aggressive treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in the presence of diabetes What this study adds
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Subjects and methods
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Discussion
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The increased risk of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes is well recognised1 and is associated with both diabetes specific risk factors2 and increased frequency of conventional risk factors for cardiovascular disease.3 A recent study by Haffner et al suggested that the risk of death from coronary heart disease in patients with type 2 diabetes may even be as high as in patients who have had a myocardial infarction.4 This observational study in Finland examined the seven year incidence of cardiovascular events among 890 patients with diabetes who had no history of myocardial infarction and 69 patients without diabetes who had previously had a myocardial infarction. The risk of death from coronary heart disease was not significantly different between the two groups, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.2 (95% confidence interval 0.6 to 2.4).
The authors of this study proposed that patients with diabetes should be treated as if they had existing coronary heart disease. The role of primary prevention of coronary heart disease in patients with diabetes has since come under much scrutiny, with some diabetologists advocating aggressive treatment of cardiovascular risk factors. The National Cholesterol Education Program and the American Diabetes Association have recommended lower goals for low density lipoprotein cholesterol both in patients with coronary heart disease and in those with diabetes.5 However, others argue that treatment decisions should not be based on individual risk factors in isolation.6
An important weakness of Haffner et al's study was the lack of power to detect differences between the two groups. Other larger studies have found a high risk of cardiovascular disease for patients with diabetes, but one lower than that for patients with coronary heart disease.7 Haffner et al's patients were also a self selected group in that they represented the 80% of eligible subjects who attended a clinic visit for the study.
The aim of the present investigation was to compare risks of
cardiovascular outcomes between patients with diabetes and patients with established coronary heart disease. We carried out two studies: in
the first we used a design similar to that of Haffner et
al,4 and in the second we compared patients with newly
diagnosed diabetes for cardiovascular risk with those who had just had
a myocardial infarction.
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Subjects and methods |
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Introduction
Subjects and methods
Results
Discussion
References
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Data sources
We carried out the work with the DARTS/MEMO Collaboration using
routine data sources for the population of Tayside, Scotland, which can
be record linked using a unique patient identifier.
8 9
These include a register of all patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Tayside from 1988 (which has been validated and shown to
have high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of
diabetes9), a record of all inpatient hospital admissions
in Tayside from 1980 with diagnostic codes from ICD-9 (international
classification of diseases, ninth revision), and records of death
certificates from the registrar general with ICD-9 coded causes of
death from 1988. The study population comprised patients who were alive
and resident in Tayside in January 1987 and who were either still alive
in Tayside at the end of the study or who had died (thus excluding
emigrants from Tayside).
Cross sectional study
We identified a cross section of patients aged 45-64 years at the
study index date (1 January 1988). This was the age range used by
Haffner et al.4 We defined a diabetic group, which
included all patients with type 2 diabetes diagnosed before the index
date. Any patient for whom a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes was not made
(that is, diagnosed at <35 years old and requiring insulin treatment)
was judged to have type 2 diabetes. We also defined a group of patients
who had had a myocardial infarction: all patients aged 45-64 who had an
inpatient hospital admission with myocardial infarction (ICD-9 code
410.9) between January 1980 and December 1987. We excluded any patient
who was in both groups. Follow up was from January 1988 to December 1995.
The outcomes were mortality (any cause), ascertained from death certification records, and hospital admission with a primary diagnosis of myocardial infarction (ICD-9 410.9). We used a Cox proportional hazards model to calculate risk ratios (with 95% confidence intervals), adjusted for age and sex, for the risks of the outcomes in the myocardial infarction group compared with those in the diabetic group.
Cohort study
We identified two cohorts of patients. The diabetic cohort
included any patient in the study population with type 2 diabetes
diagnosed between January 1988 and December 1995. Their study index
date was their date of diagnosis of diabetes. The myocardial infarction
cohort included any patient who had a first hospital admission with a
primary or secondary diagnosis of myocardial infarction (ICD-9 410.9)
between January 1988 and December 1995. Their study index date was
their date of hospital admission. Any patient in either cohort who had
a hospital admission for myocardial infarction between January 1980 and
December 1987 was excluded from the study, as were patients with type 2 diabetes diagnosed on the same day as their first myocardial infarction.
The outcomes in this study during follow up to December 1995 were mortality (any cause), cardiovascular mortality (with the underlying cause of death recorded on the death certificate coded as a cardiovascular death), and hospital admission for myocardial infarction (any hospital admission with a primary or secondary diagnosis code of 410.9). Any patient who died within 28 days after their index date was excluded from further analyses. This was to eliminate deaths that were due directly to the myocardial infarction. We constructed Kaplan-Meier survival curves to compare probability of death between the study cohorts. We used a Cox proportional hazards model to compare the risks, with adjustment for age and sex.
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Our study population consisted of 263 175 patients.
Cross sectional study
We identified 1155 patients (42% women) with diabetes, with a
mean age of 57 years and a mean duration of diabetes of 6.04 years. We
identified 1347 patients (28% women) with myocardial infarction, with
a mean age of 57 and a mean time since infarction of 3.5 years.
In the eight year follow up 438 (32.5%) of the patients in the myocardial infarction group died, and 274 (20.3%) were hospitalised for a further infarction. In the diabetic group 284 (24.6%) died, and 113 (9.8%) were hospitalised for an infarction. The adjusted risk ratio for mortality in the myocardial infarction group compared with the diabetic group was 1.33 (95% confidence interval 1.14 to 1.55), while that for hospital admission for myocardial infarction was 2.27 (1.82 to 2.83) (table 1). The risks of these outcomes seemed to be greater for men than women, and the risks increased with age (although age was a weaker predictor of hospital admission for myocardial infarction than of death).
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Cohort study
For the diabetic cohort, we identified 3477 patients (49% women),
with a mean age of 66, of whom 3403 (98%) were included in the
statistical analyses (patients who did not die within 28 days after
their index date). For the myocardial infarction cohort, we identified
7414 patients (46% women), with a mean age of 71, of whom 5350 (72%)
were included in the statistical analyses.
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During the subsequent follow up, there were 1196 deaths in the diabetic cohort (35.1% of the patients in the analyses), of which 222 were cardiovascular deaths, and 142 patients were hospitalised for myocardial infarction. In the myocardial infarction cohort there were 2596 deaths (48.8% of patients in the analyses), of which 1077 were cardiovascular deaths, and 656 patients were hospitalised for myocardial infarction. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves show that the diabetic cohort had lower risks for death from all causes (fig 1), cardiovascular deaths (fig 2), and hospitalisation for myocardial infarction (fig 3). The reduced risk seemed to be mainly in the early period of follow up, with the gradients of the curves converging after the first 1000 days or so.
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Table 2 indicates that patients in the myocardial infarction cohort had
an increased risk of death from any cause compared with patients in the
diabetic cohort, with an adjusted risk ratio of 1.35 (95% confidence
interval 1.25 to 1.44). The risk increased with age, and men were at
greater risk than women (adjusted risk ratio 1.19 (1.12 to 1.26)).
Patients in the myocardial infarction cohort had a threefold higher
risk of death from a cardiovascular cause than patients in the diabetic
cohort (adjusted risk ratio 2.93 (2.54 to 3.41)), and the risk of
cardiovascular death increased with age, but there was no difference
between men and women. The myocardial infarction cohort also had an
increased risk of hospital admission for myocardial infarction
(adjusted risk ratio 3.10 (2.57 to 3.73)). The risks of hospital
admission were higher in the age groups 60-69 and 70-79 than in the
group aged 
80, but there was no difference between men and women.
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Discussion |
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Abstract
Introduction
Subjects and methods
Results
Discussion
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We found that patients with type 2 diabetes were at lower risk of death from all causes, death from cardiovascular causes, and hospital admission for myocardial infarction than patients with established coronary heart disease. Thus, our results do not support the hypothesis that patients with diabetes have as high a cardiovascular risk as patients with established coronary heart disease.
Although routine data sources should always be used cautiously,10 the inpatient hospital admissions data and mortality data that we used were derived from nationally collected datasets, a previous study showed that ICD-9 coding for myocardial infarction was accurate in Tayside,11 and the diabetes register, which has complete population based coverage, has been well used and validated.9
Comparison with other studies
For our cross sectional study, we used a design similar to that
used by Haffner et al in their Finnish study.4 The patient
groups were slightly different in that we included patients whose
diabetes was treated by diet only (not included in the Finnish study),
and patients in the myocardial infarction group were restricted to
those whose myocardial infarction occurred in the preceding eight
years. Patients in the myocardial infarction group were clearly at an
increased risk of death and hospital admission for myocardial
infarction, after adjustment for the differences in age and sex between
the two groups. Although we were unable to adjust for differences in
cardiovascular risk factors at baseline (smoking status, hypertension,
low density and high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations,
and total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations), such
adjustments in the Finnish study reduced the hazard ratio for death
from coronary heart disease only slightly, from 1.4 (95% confidence
interval 0.7 to 2.6) to 1.2 (0.6 to 2.4). In our study a substantial
decrease would be required for the difference in risk of hospital
admission for myocardial infarction to be no longer significant. An
important point is the narrow width of the confidence intervals in our study.
Although we could not make a direct comparison between the results from the two studies, as we were unable to determine mortality from coronary heart disease in our patient groups, it is interesting that the result for overall mortality in our study falls within the confidence interval for mortality from coronary heart disease in the Finnish study. We believe that our study highlights the lack of power in the earlier study. It also shows that the cardiovascular risk profile is clearly different in patients with diabetes compared with those who have had a myocardial infarction.
Another concern with the Finnish study was its cross sectional design. Patients were recruited into the study on the basis of existing diabetes (mean duration eight years) and previous myocardial infarction (mean time since infarction not given).4 It is possible that the rates of cardiovascular disease in the two groups varies with time since diagnosis of diabetes and time since myocardial infarction. Our second study therefore compared rates between patients with newly diagnosed diabetes and those who had just had a myocardial infarction. This comparison may have more clinical relevance. Again, the results showed higher risks of death from all causes, cardiovascular deaths, and hospital admission for myocardial infarction in patients who had had a myocardial infarction compared with patients with diabetes.
Implications of results
Our results have important implications for clinical practice, in
that we should be cautious about basing treatment decisions on
individual risk factors for cardiovascular disease in isolation, as
Byrne and Wild have discussed in more detail.6
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Acknowledgments |
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We thank the members of the DARTS/MEMO Collaboration and members of the DARTS Steering Group for their support. MEMO is part of the MRC Health Services Research Collaboration.
Contributors: JMME was the principal investigator in this study, designed the study, and wrote the paper. JW carried out the statistical analysis and helped write the paper. ADM appraised the study design, helped interpret the results, and revised the draft paper. JMME is guarantor for the study.
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Footnotes |
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Funding: JMME held a Wellcome Trust training fellowship in health services research (Ref 050212). JW is funded by an Aventis fellowship in health economics.
Competing interests: None declared
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References |
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(Accepted 13 November 2001)
© BMJ 2002
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(2003). Do all diabetic patients need statins? A view from primary care. British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease
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[Abstract] -
(2003). OTHER ARTICLES NOTED (Nov 01 to 18 Oct 02). Evid. Based Nurs.
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Krentz, A. J
(2002). Type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: do they share common antecedents?. British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease
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[Abstract] -
(2002). Diabetics at Less Risk for Death from CAD than Patients with Prior MI. JWatch Emergency Med.
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[Full text]
Rapid Responses:
Read all Rapid Responses
- Not All Diabetic Patients Are Equal.
- Sergio Stagnaro
bmj.com, 19 Apr 2002 [Full text] - Diabetics should be treated as high risk cardiovascular patients.
- Enrique J. Sánchez-Delgado
bmj.com, 2 May 2002 [Full text] - Unexplained cardiac event rate slope among newly diagnosed diabetics
- John I. Levitt, et al.
bmj.com, 14 May 2002 [Full text] - CHD risk in Diabetes and in Subjects with Prior MI
- Martin K. Rutter, et al.
bmj.com, 18 May 2002 [Full text] - Underestimation of risk of death from cardiovascular causes in diabetic patients
- Tsung-Hsueh Lu
bmj.com, 30 May 2002 [Full text]
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