Introduction

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About 20 000 snake bites are reported yearly in Brazil.¹ Antivenom (hyperimmune immunoglobulin), the only specific antidote, may cause anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reactions,^2-5 depending on the type of antivenom, dose, mode of administration, and previous exposure to animal proteins.⁶ Adverse reactions cannot be predicted by sensitivity tests,⁷ and the reported frequency is as high as 87%.³ Urticaria, angio-oedema, and gastrointestinal symptoms are the commonest manifestations, but bronchospasm and shock may be fatal.

Prophylaxis with antihistamines (H₁ blockers with or without H₂ blockers) has been proposed.^8-10 However, there have been no properly controlled studies. The aim of this study was to test whether intramuscular promethazine, a widely recommended prophylactic treatment in Brazil¹¹ and other countries, was effective in preventing early anaphylactic reactions.

	Participants and methods

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We recruited consecutive patients over 2 years old attending Hospital Vital Brazil, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil, after being bitten by bothrops snakes. We excluded patients who had received antihistamine, corticosteroids, or antivenom before reaching hospital, pregnant women, and patients with severe haemorrhage, hypotension, or acute renal failure.¹ Oral informed consent was obtained.

This study was a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial followed by sequential analysis. To ensure an equal number of patients in each group and to avoid breaking the code we used block randomisation. ^{12 13} Identical ampoules were labelled in numerical order and arranged in randomised blocks of six, each block containing three promethazine and three placebo ampoules.

Patients received a deep intramuscular injection of placebo or 25 mg promethazine (2 ml for adults and 0.04 ml/kg (representing 0.5 mg/kg) for children under 50 kg) into the deltoid muscle 15-20 minutes before antivenom therapy. Then, according to clinical severity, either 40 or 80 ml of bothrops antivenom (Instituto Butantan, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, or Instituto Vital Brazil) diluted 1:5 in saline, was given intravenously over about 20 or 40 minutes.

Patients were observed during infusion with antivenom and for 24 hours subsequently. Early reactions were recorded as mild (restricted urticaria, facial flush, dry cough, and hoarseness), moderate (extensive urticaria, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, and bronchospasm), or severe (glottal oedema, hypotension, and shock).

	Statistical analysis

Top Abstract Introduction Participants and methods Statistical analysis Results Discussion References

We compared treatments by continuous sequential analysis¹⁴ using the open scheme for explanatory approach.¹⁵ Proportion of success (no reaction) with placebo (p₁) was estimated as 0.70 and that with promethazine (p₂) as 0.875 (25% improvement for promethazine group); type I error ()=0.10, type II error ()=0.05. A figure was constructed with a horizontal axis representing the number of untied pairs (n), a vertical axis (y) representing excess of preferences for promethazine or placebo, two external boundaries (U and L) limiting preference zones, and two internal boundaries (M and M') limiting the no preference zone.

Pairs consisted of one patient from each group in order of entrance to the study. Only untied pairs (reaction occurring in a patient of one group but not in the other) were taken into account. An arbitrary value of +1 was given for pairs in which preference was for promethazine (no reaction with promethazine and reaction with placebo) and 1 when the preference was for placebo (reaction with promethazine and no reaction with placebo). A diagonal line was drawn in each square of the sequential scheme, and the study was interrupted when one boundary was reached (see BMJ's website for more information).

Based on a probability of obtaining an untied pair =0.35 and finishing the study at the 20th untied pair if there were no preferences, we calculated the sample size as n=minimum number of untied pairs×2/probability of obtaining a untied pair, where n=114.

A database was constructed with Epi-Info 6.0 software. We used the ² test for trend, ² test for determining heterogeneity between proportions, and Student's t or non-parametric Kruskall-Wallis tests for comparing means.

	Results

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Between March 1994 and June 1995 we recruited 101 patients. Twenty three patients were excluded (13 had received antivenom and 10 antihistamine or steroids before admission, nine had no symptoms of envenoming, and two were pregnant.)

Forty nine patients received promethazine and 52 placebo. Both groups were similar at baseline (table 1). Early anaphylactic reactions occurred in 25 of 101 patients. All responded promptly to adrenaline. Three other patients had pyrogenic reactions which were treated symptomatically.

Of the 25 patients who developed reactions, 12 had received prophylactic promethazine and 13 placebo (table 2). There were no differences in the type of antivenom administered (table 3) or the severity of reaction (table 4) between the two groups. Two patients had severe reactions: one developed laryngeal oedema and stridor (promethazine group) and one hypotension (placebo group). Nine patients given promethazine developed reactions during antivenom infusion compared with eight given placebo (P=0.67). The mean (SD) time after starting the infusion that the reaction occurred was 28.1 (16.2) min for promethazine and 25.0 (19.1) min for placebo (P=0.66). Anaphylaxis occurred 1-2 hours after the end of antivenom infusion in three patients given promethazine and five given placebo.

Construction of pairs and sequential analysis
There were 22 untied pairs among the 101 patients. A line was plotted showing the sum of the scores for successive pairs. The study was finished when the middle boundary was reached at the 22nd untied pair, indicating no difference between promethazine or placebo (see figure on BMJ's website).

	Discussion

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Reactions to antivenom remain common despite improvements in manufacturing processes.^2-7 Prophylaxis is therefore important.^{4 8-10} H₁ and H₂ antihistamines, corticosteroids, and adrenaline have been recommended based on anecdotal experience, ^{9 10 16-19} but no prospective controlled trials have been reported.

We tested intramuscular promethazine because it is routinely used as prophylaxis in many countries. Its efficacy needed to be proved as it can cause complications, such as sedation or anticholinergic effects, that simulate or conceal important symptoms of envenoming. We found that intramuscular promethazine given 15-20 min before the start of bothrops antivenom did not prevent early anaphylactic reactions. This result cannot be attributed to the time of injection as adequate levels of promethazine would have been circulating by the time the antivenom was administered.²⁰ However, promethazine does not block H₂ receptors, which may be important in anaphylaxis.²¹

Most reactions (68%) occurred during antivenom infusion. Patients should therefore be observed during administration and for at least 2 hours subsequently. Early anaphylactic reactions are promptly reversed by adrenaline.⁴

	Acknowledgments

We thank the nursing staff of Hospital Vital Brazil, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, for help with the patients.

Contributors: HWF participated in the formulation of the primary study hypothesis, discussed core ideas, and participated in the protocol design, data collection, analysis, and writing the paper. LFM discussed the core ideas, designed the protocol, and participated in the statistical analysis and interpretation of the data and editing the paper. JLCC initiated the research, discussed core ideas and interpretation of the findings, participated in data collection, and contributed to the paper. FOSF participated in the design and execution of the study, collected data, and discussed the interpretation of the findings. CMSM initiated the project, discussed ethical issues of the study and its design, collected data, and contributed to the paper. RAF participated in study design, data collection, and interpretation of results and contributed to the paper. RDGT initiated the formulation of the primary study hypothesis, discussed core ideas, and participated in the protocol design, analysis, and interpretation of the data and editing the paper. DAW initiated and coordinated the formulation of the main hypothesis, discussed core issues, participated in the design of the protocol, discussed the interpretation of the findings, and participated in the writing of the paper.

	Footnotes

Funding: Promethazine and placebo were donated by Rhodia Farma Ltd. The study was supported by the Science and Technology for Development Programme of the European Community (Contract No TS3-CT91-0024).

Competing interests: None declared.

	References

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