BMJ 313:1229 (16 November 1996)

Causality, menopause, and depression: a critical review of the literature
Louise Nicol-Smith

References

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References for primary articles (listed in order displayed in figure 1{f1})

6 Huerta R, Mena A, Malacara J M, Diaz de Leon J. Symptoms at perimenopausal period: its association with attitudes towards sexuality, life-style, family function FSH levels. Psychoneurodocrinology 1995;20:135-48

7 O'Connor V M, et al. Do psycho-social factors contribute more to symptom reporting by middle-aged women than hormonal status? Maturitas 1995;20:63-9.

8 Avis N E, Brambilla D, McKinlay S M, Vass K. A longitudinal analysis of the association between menopause and depression. Ann Epidem 1994;4:214-20

9 Avis N E, Kaufert P A, Lock M, McKInley S M, Vass K. The evolution of menopausal symptoms. Ballieres Clin Endicrinol Metab 1993:7:17-32.

10 McKinlay J B, McKinlay S M. The relative contributions of endocrine changes and social circumstances to depression in mid-aged women. J Health Soc Behav 1987;28:345-63

11 McKinlay S M, Jefferys M. The menopausal syndrome Br J Prev Soc Med 1974;28:108-15

12 Boulet M J, et al. Climacteric and menopause in seven south-east Asian countries. Maturitas 1994;19:157-76

13 Hay A G, Bancroft J, Johnstone E C. Affective symptoms in women attending a menopause clinic. Br J Psychiatry 1994;164:513-6

14 Mathews K A, Wing R, Kuller L H, Meilahn E N, Plantinga P. Influence of the perimenopause on cardiovascular risk factors and symptoms of middle-aged healthy women. Arch Int Med 1194;154:2349-55

15 Mathews K A, Wing RR, Kuller L H, Meilahn E N, Kelsey S F. Influences of natural menopause on psychological characteristics and symptoms of middle-aged healthy women. J Cons Clin Psychol 1990;58:345-51

16 Koster A, Davidsen M. Climacteric complaints and their relation to menopausal development-a retrospective analysis. Maturitas 1993;17:155-66

17 Holte A. Influences of natural menopause on health complaints: a prospective study of healthy Norwegian women. Maturitas 1992;14:127-41

18 Holte A. Prevalence of climacteric complaints in a representative sample of middle-aged women in Oslo, Norway. Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 1991;12:303-17

19 Mikkelsen a, Holte A. A factor analytic study of climacteric symptoms. Psych Soc Sc 1982;2:35-9

20 Kaufert P A, Gilbert P, Tate R. The manitoba project: a re-examination of the link between menopause and depression. Maturitas 1992;14:143-55

21 Kaufert P A, Gilbert P, Hassard T. Researching the symptoms of menopause: an exercise in methodology. Maturitas 1988;10:117-31

22 Kaufert P, Syrotuik J. Symptom reporting st the menopause. Soc Sci Med 1981;15E:173-84

23 Stewart D E, Boydell K, Derzco C, Marshall V. Psychological distress during the menopausal years in women attending a menopause clinic. Int J Psychiatry Med 1992;22:213-20

24 Hunter M S, Somatic experience of the menopause: a prospective study. Psychosom Med 1990;52:357-67.

25 Hunter M S. Relationships between psychological symptoms, somatic complaints and menopausal status. Maturitas 1986;8:217-28

26 Ballinger C B, Smith A H W, Hobbs P R, Psychiatric morbidity in women. Acta Psychiat Scand 1985;71:272-80

27 Ballinger C B. Psychiatric morbidity and the menopause: survey or a gynaecological out-patient clinic. Br J Psychiatry 1977;131:83-9.

28 Ballinger C B. Psychiatric morbidity and the menopause: clinical features. BMJ 1976;i:1183-5.

29 Ballinger C B. Psychiatric morbidity and the menopause: screening of a general population sample. BMJ 1975;iii:344-6 30 Gath D, Osborn M, Bungay G, Iles S, Day A, Bond A, Passingham C. Psychiatric disorder and gynaecological symptoms in middle-aged women: a community survey. BMJ 1987;294:213-8

31 Lennon M C. Is menopause depressing? An investigation of three perspectives. Sex Roles 1987;17:1-16.

32 Eagles J M, Whalley L J. Ageing and affective disorders: the age at first onset of affective disorders in Scotland, 1969-1978. Br J Psychiatry 1985;147:180-7.

33 Hallstrom T, Samuelsson S. Mental health in the climacteric: the longitudinal study of women in Gothenberg. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 1985;130:13-8. 34 Myers J K, Weissman MM, and nine others. Six month prevalence of psychiatric disorders in three communities. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:959-67.

35 Weissman M. The myth of involutional malancholia. JAMA 1979;242:742-4

36 Weissman M, Myers J K. Rates and risks of depressive symptoms in a US urban community. Acta Psychiat Scand 1978;57:219-31. 37 Sharma V K, Saena M S L. Climacteric symptoms: a study in the Indian context. Maturitas 1981;3:11-20

38 Bungay G T, Vessey M P, McPherson C K. Study of symptoms in middle life with special reference to the menopause. BMJ 1980;281:181-3.

39 Greene J G, Cooke D J. Life stresses and symptoms at the climacteric. Br J Psychiatry 1980;136:486-91.

40 Polit D F, Larocco S A. Social and psychological correlates of menopausal symptoms. Psychosom Med 1980;42:335-45.

41 Wood C. Menopausal myths. Med J Aust 1979;1:496-9. 42 Crisp A H, Ralph P C, Mc Guinness B, Harris G. Psychoneurotic profiles in the adult population. Br J Med Psychol 1978;51:283-301.

43 Comstock G W, Helsing K J. Symptoms of depression in two communities. Psychol Med 1976;6:551-63

44 Thompson B T, Hart S A, Durno D. Menopausal age and symptomology in a general practice. J Biosc Sci 1973;5:71-82.

45 Winocur G. Depression in the menopause. Am J Psychiat 1973;130:92-3.

46 Jaszmann L. Epidemiology of climacteric and climacteric complaints. Front Hormone Res 1973;2:22-34. 47 Neurgarten B L, Kraines R J. Menopausal symptoms in women of various ages. Psychosom Med 1965;27:266-73.

48 Lady Barrett (chair of the subcommittee appointed by the Council of the Medical Women's Federation). An investigation of the menopause in one thousand women. Lancet 1933;Jan 14:106-8.

49 Oxman A D, Guyatt G H. Guidelines for reading literature reviews. Can Med Assoc J 1988;138:697-703.

50 Chalmers I, Dickersen K, Chalmers T C. Getting to grips with Archie Cochrane's agenda. BMJ 1992;305:786-8.

Review articles in reverse chronological order.
(*indicates article finding depression is, or may be, related to depression.)

51 Leibenluft E. Women with bipolar illness: clinical and research issues. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:163-73*

52 Pearc J, Hawton K, Blake F. Psychological and sexual symptoms associated with the menopause and the effects of hormone replacement therapy. Br J Psychiatry 1995; 167:163-73*

53 Pearlstein T B. Hormones and depression: what are the facts about premenstrual syndrome, menopause and hormone replacement therapy? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173;646-54. *

54 Coleman P M. Depression during the female climacteric period. J Adv Nurs 1993;18:1540-6*

55 Hunter M S. Predictors of menopausal symptoms: psychosocial aspects. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993:7:33-45.

56 Hunter M S. Emotional well-being, sexual behaviour and hormone replacement therapy. Maturitas 1990;12:2999-314.

57 Pariser S F. Women and mood disorders. Menarche to menopause. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1993;5:249-54.

58 Matthews K A. Myths and realities of the menopause: Presidential address to annual meeting of American Psychosomatic Society 1991. Psychosom Med 1992;54:1-9.

59 Ussher J M. Research and theory related to female reproduction: implications for clinical psychology. Br J Clin Psychol 1992;31:129-51.

60 Montgomery J C, Studd J W. Psychological and sexual aspects of the menopause. Br J Hosp Med 1991;45:300-2.*

61 Schmidt P J, Rubinow D R. Menopause-related affective disorders: a justification for further study. Am J Psychiat 1991;148:844-52.

62 Ballinger C B. Psychiatric aspects of the menopause. Br J Psychiatry 1991;156:773-83.

63 Gath D, Iles S. Depression and the menopause. BMJ 1990;300:1287-8.

64 Gitlin M J, Pasnau R O. Psychiatric syndromes linked to reproductive function in women: a review of current knowledge. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:1413-22.

65 Morse C A. Menopausal mood disorders. Comprehensive Therapy 1989;15:22-7.*

66 Parry B L. Reproductive factors affecting the course of affective illness in women. Psychiat Clin N Am 1989;12:207-20.*

67 Utian W H. Menopause, hormone therapy and quality of life. Prog Clin Bio Research 1989;320:193-209.*

68 Dennerstein L. Depression in the menopause. Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am 1987;4:33-48.*

69 Dennerstein L, Burrows G D. A review of studies of the psychological symptoms found at the menopause. Maturitas 1978;1:44-64*

70 Formanek R. Depression and the menopause: a socially constructed link. In: Formanek R, Gurian A, eds. Women and depression. Focus on women. Vol 11. Berlin: Springer, 1987.

71 Jenkins R, Clare A. Women and mental illness. BMJ 1985;291:1521-2.

72 Osborn M. Depression at the menopause. Br J Hosp Med 1984;Sept:126-9.

73 Hirschfeld R M, Cross C K. Epidemiology of effective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:35-46.

74 Weisssman M, Klerman G L. Sex differences and the epidemiology of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977;34:98-111.

75 Muir Gray J A. Two classes of creativity-improving systemic reviews. J Epidemiol Community Health 1994;48:4-5.

76 Mulrow C D. The medical review article: state of the science. Ann Intern Med 1987:106:485-8.

77 Hill A B. The environment and disease: association or casuality? Proc R Soc Med 1965; 58:295-300.

78 Sackett D L, Haynes R B, Guyatt G H, Tugweel P. Clinical epidemiology - a basic science for clinical medicine. Boston: Little, Brown, 1985.

79 Holland P W, Statisitics and casual inference. J Am Statist Assoc 1986;81:984-60.

80 Peterson H B, Kleinbaum D G. Interpreting the literature in obstetrics and gynecology . 1. Key concepts in epidemiology and biostatistics. Obstet Gynecol 1991;78:710-7.

81 Rothman K J. Modern epidemiology. Boston: Little, Brown, 1986.

Depression measures (see figure 1_(F1))

82 Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960;23:56-62.

83 Radloff L S. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas 1977;1:385-401.

84 Greenlick M, Pope C R. The use of patient records and survey data to develop measures of health status. In: Love D, Larsen D, eds. Health care research: a symposium. Calgary: University of Calgary, 1974:56-71.

85 Montgomery S A, Asberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry 1979;134:382-9.

86 Beck A T, Beamesdorfer A. Assessment of depression: the depression inventory. In: Pichot P, ed. Psychological measurements in psychopharmacology Vol 7. Basel: Karger Press, 1974:151-69.

87 International Health Foundation. La menopause Etude Effectuee en Belgique aupres de 922 femmes entre 45 et 55 ans. Geneva: International Health Foundation, 1977.

88 Derogatis L R, Spencer P M. Brief symptom inventory administration and procedures manual I. Baltimore: John Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1982.

89 Goldberg D P. The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire. London: Oxford University Press, 1972.

90 Goldberg D P, Cooper B, Eastwood M R, Kedward H B, Shepherd M. A standardised psychiatric interview for use in community surveys Br J Prev Social Med 1970;24:18-23.

91 Wing J K, Cooper J E, Sartorius N. The measurement and classification of psychiatric symptoms. London: Cambridge University Press, 1974.

92 Robins L N,Helzer J E, Croughan J, Ratcliff K S. National Institute of Mental Health diagnostic interview schedule: its history, characteristics and validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:381-9.

93 Crown S, Crisp A H. A short clinical diagnostic self-rating scale for psychoneurotic pasients. The Middlesex hospital questionnaire (MHQ). Br J Psychiatry 1966;112;917-23.

Neurobiology articles (reverse chronological order)
Reviews

94 Brambilla F. Psychopathological aspects of neuroendocrine diseaeses: possible parallels with the psychoendocrine aspects of normal aging. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1992;17:283-91. (Plus other articles in same issue.)

95 Steiner M. The effects of gonadal hormones on brain and behavior. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1987;11:115-9.

96 Pfaff D W. Actions of estrogens and progestins on nerve cells. Science 1983;219:808-14.

97 Van Praag H M. Neuroendocrine disorders in depressions and their significance for the monoamine hypothesis of depression. Acta Psychiat Scand 1978:57:389-404.

Human primary research

98 Amsterdam J D, Maislin G, Rosenzweig M, Halbrecht U. Gonadotropin (LH and FSH) response after submaximal GnRH stimulation in depressed premenopausal women and healthy controls. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1995;20:311-21.

99 Chamberlain P, Compston J, Cox T M, Hayman A R, Imrie R C, Reynolds K, et al. Generation and characterisation of monoclonal antibodies to human type-5 tartarate-resistant acid phosphatase: development of a specific immunoassay of the isoenzyme in serum. Clin Chem 1995;41:1495-9.

100 Schiffman S S, Sattely-Miller E A, Suggs M S, Graham B G. The effect of odors and hormone status on mood of women at mid-life. Brain Research Bulletin. 1995;36:19-29.

101 Nilssen O, Forde OH. Seven year longitudinal population study of change in gamma-glutamyltransferase: the Tromso study. Am J Epidemiol 1994;139:787-92.

102 Schittecatte M, Charles G, Machowski R, Dumont F, Garcia-Valentin J, Wilmotte J, et al. Effects of gender and diagnosis on growth hormone response to clonidine for major depression: a large scale multicenter study. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:216-20.

103 Young E A, Kotun J, Haskett R F, Grunhaus L, Greden J F, Watson S J, et al. Dissociation between pituitary and adrenal suppression to dexamethazone in depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:395-403.

104 Rubin R T, Heist E K, McGoy S S, Hanada K, Lesser I M. Neuroendocrine aspects of primary endogenous depression. XI. Serum melatonin measures in patients and matched control subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:558-67.

105 Theodorou A E, Katona C L E, Davies S L, Hale A S, Kerry S M, Horton R W, et al. 3H-Imipramine binding to freshly prepared platelet membranes in depression. Psychiatry Res 1989;29:87-103.

106 Guicheney P, Leger D, Barrat J, Trevoux R, De Lignieres B, Roques P, et al. Platelet serotonin content and plasma tryptophan in peri- and postmenopausal women: variations with plasma oestrogen levels and depressive symptoms. Euro J Clin Inv 1988;18:297-304.

107 Molnar G, Tikacs I, Bazsane Z K. Endocrine changes in endogenous psychoses of climacteric and involution. Eur J Psychiatry 1988;2:147-58.

108 Ballinger C B, Browning M C K, Smith A H W. Hormone profiles and psychological symptoms in peri-menopausal women. Maturitas 1987;9:235-51.

109 Roy A, Linnoila M, Jimerson D C, Gold P, Pickar D. Pre-menopausal and post-menopausal depressed women. Aus NZ J Psychiatry 1986;20:464-9.

110 Lobo R A, Shoupe D, Roy S, Wellington P. Central and peripheral metabolites of norepinephrine and dopamine in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984;149:548-52.

111 Melis G B, Paoletti A M, Gambaccianni M, Mais V, Fioretti P. Evidence that estrogens inhibit LH secretion through opiods in postnenopausal women using nalaxone. Neuoroendocrinology 1984;39:60-3.

112 Amsterdam J D, Winocur A, Lucki I, Snyder P. Neuroendocrine regulation in depressed postmenopausal women and healthy subjects. Acta Psychiat Scand 1983;67:43-9.

113 Coppen A, Wood K. Tryptophan and depressive illness. Psychol Med 1978;8:49-57.

114 Ballinger S, Cobbin D, Kravinek J, Saunders D. Life stresses and depression in the menopause. Maturitas 1979;1:191-9.

115 Abe T, Furuhashi N, Yamaya Y, Wada Y, Hoshai A, Suzuki M. Correlatiion between climacteric symptoms and serum levels of estradiol, progesterone, FSH and LH. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977;129:65-7.

116 Altman N, Sachar E J, Gruen P H, Halpern F S, Eto S. Reduced plasma LH concentration in postmenopausal depressed women. Psychosom Med 1975;37:274-6.

117 Nikula-Baumann L. Endocrinological studies on subjects with involutional melancholia. Acta Psychiat Scand Suppl 1971;226:1-107.

Animal research

118 Bosse R, DiPaolo T. Dopamine and GABAA receptor imbalance after ovariectomy in rats: model of menopause. J Psychiatry Neuroscience. 1995:20:364-71.

119 Bernardini M, Vergoni A V, Sandrini M, Tagliavini S, Bertolini A. Influence of ovariectomy, estrodiol and progesterone on the behaviour of mice in an experimental model of depression. Physiology Behaviour 1989;45:1067-8.

120 Hodgen G D, Goodman A L, O'Connor A, Johnson D K. Menopause in rhesus in monkeys:model for study of disorders in the human climacteric. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977;127:581-4.