BMJ  2006;333:78-82 (8 July), doi:10.1136/bmj.333.7558.78

Clinical review

Current concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of typhoid fever

¹ Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan zulfiqar.bhutta@aku.edu

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.

Introduction

Although advances in public health and hygiene have led to the virtual disappearance of enteric fever (more commonly termed typhoid fever) from much of the developed world, the disease remains endemic in many developing countries. Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S typhi), a Gram negative bacterium. A similar but often less severe disease is caused by S paratyphi A and, less commonly, by S paratyphi B (Schotmulleri) and S paratyphi C (Hirschfeldii). The common mode of infection is by ingestion of an infecting dose of the organism, usually through contaminated water or food. Although the source of infection may vary, person to person transmission through poor hygiene and sewage contamination of water supply are the most important.

Have the epidemiology and burden estimates of typhoid changed?

Few established surveillance systems for typhoid exist in the developing world, especially in community settings, so the true burden is difficult to estimate. This is shown by . . . [Full text of this article]

Can typhoid be diagnosed clinically where it matters?

The challenge of appropriate diagnostics in typhoid

How has drug resistance affected treatment?

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