BMJ  2004;328:702-708 (20 March), doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7441.702

Education and debate

CONSORT statement: extension to cluster randomised trials

¹ Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, ² Medical Statistics Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, ³ Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Oxford

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.

Reports of cluster randomised trials require additional information to allow readers to interpret them accurately

The effective reporting of randomised controlled trials has received useful attention in recent years. Many journals now require that reports conform to the guidelines in the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement, first published in 1996¹ and revised in 2001.² The statement includes a checklist of items that should be included in the trial report. These items are evidence based whenever possible and are regularly reviewed.³ The statement also recommends including a flow diagram to show the flow of participants from group assignment through to the final analysis.

The CONSORT statement focused on reporting parallel group randomised trials in which individual participants are randomly assigned to study groups. However, in some situations it is preferable to randomly assign groups of individuals (such as families or medical practices) rather than individuals. Reasons include the threat . . . [Full text of this article]

CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    StumbleUpon    Technorati    What's this?

Relevant Articles

Implementation of the Canadian C-Spine Rule: prospective 12 centre cluster randomised trial

Ian G Stiell, Catherine M Clement, Jeremy Grimshaw, Robert J Brison, Brian H Rowe, Michael J Schull, Jacques S Lee, Jamie Brehaut, R Douglas McKnight, Mary A Eisenhauer, Jonathan Dreyer, Eric Letovsky, Tim Rutledge, Iain MacPhail, Scott Ross, Amit Shah, Jeffrey J Perry, Brian R Holroyd, Urbain Ip, Howard Lesiuk, and George A Wells
BMJ 2009 339: b4146. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Effect of tailored practice and patient care plans on secondary prevention of heart disease in general practice: cluster randomised controlled trial

A W Murphy, M E Cupples, S M Smith, M Byrne, M C Byrne, J Newell, and for the SPHERE study team
BMJ 2009 339: b4220. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Effects of a physiotherapy and occupational therapy intervention on mobility and activity in care home residents: a cluster randomised controlled trial

Catherine M Sackley, Maayken E van den Berg, Karen Lett, Smitaa Patel, Kristen Hollands, Christine C Wright, and Thomas J Hoppitt
BMJ 2009 339: b3123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

The double jeopardy of clustered measurement and cluster randomisation

Michael S Kramer, Richard M Martin, Jonathan A C Sterne, Stanley Shapiro, Mourad Dahhou, and Robert W Platt
BMJ 2009 339: b2900. [Full Text]

Prognosis and prognostic research: application and impact of prognostic models in clinical practice

Karel G M Moons, Douglas G Altman, Yvonne Vergouwe, and Patrick Royston
BMJ 2009 338: b606. [Full Text]

ARTIST (osteoarthritis intervention standardized) study of standardised consultation versus usual care for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee in primary care in France: pragmatic randomised controlled trial

P Ravaud, R-M Flipo, I Boutron, C Roy, A Mahmoudi, B Giraudeau, and T Pham
BMJ 2009 338: b421. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Improving the reporting of pragmatic trials: an extension of the CONSORT statement

Merrick Zwarenstein, Shaun Treweek, Joel J Gagnier, Douglas G Altman, Sean Tunis, Brian Haynes, Andrew D Oxman, David Moher for the CONSORT and Pragmatic Trials in Healthcare (Practihc) groups
BMJ 2008 337: a2390. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Reasons or excuses for avoiding meta-analysis in forest plots

John P A Ioannidis, Nikolaos A Patsopoulos, and Hannah R Rothstein
BMJ 2008 336: 1413-1415. [Extract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Internal and external validity of cluster randomised trials: systematic review of recent trials

Sandra Eldridge, Deborah Ashby, Catherine Bennett, Melanie Wakelin, and Gene Feder
BMJ 2008 336: 876-880. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Effectiveness of the diabetes education and self management for ongoing and newly diagnosed (DESMOND) programme for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: cluster randomised controlled trial

M J Davies, S Heller, T C Skinner, M J Campbell, M E Carey, S Cradock, H M Dallosso, H Daly, Y Doherty, S Eaton, C Fox, L Oliver, K Rantell, G Rayman, K Khunti on behalf of the Diabetes Education and Self Management for Ongoing and Newly Diagnosed Collaborative
BMJ 2008 336: 491-495. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Universal parenting programme to prevent early childhood behavioural problems: cluster randomised trial

Harriet Hiscock, Jordana K Bayer, Anna Price, Obioha C Ukoumunne, Susan Rogers, and Melissa Wake
BMJ 2008 336: 318-321. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Effectiveness of paramedic practitioners in attending 999 calls from elderly people in the community: cluster randomised controlled trial

Suzanne Mason, Emma Knowles, Brigitte Colwell, Simon Dixon, Jim Wardrope, Robert Gorringe, Helen Snooks, Julie Perrin, and Jon Nicholl
BMJ 2007 335: 919. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies

Erik von Elm, Douglas G Altman, Matthias Egger, Stuart J Pocock, Peter C Gøtzsche, Jan P Vandenbroucke STROBE Initiative
BMJ 2007 335: 806-808. [Extract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Effect of prolonged and exclusive breast feeding on risk of allergy and asthma: cluster randomised trial

Michael S Kramer, Lidia Matush, Irina Vanilovich, Robert Platt, Natalia Bogdanovich, Zinaida Sevkovskaya, Irina Dzikovich, Gyorgy Shishko, Bruce Mazer the Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial (PROBIT) Study Group
BMJ 2007 335: 815. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Effect of insulating existing houses on health inequality: cluster randomised study in the community

Philippa Howden-Chapman, Anna Matheson, Julian Crane, Helen Viggers, Malcolm Cunningham, Tony Blakely, Chris Cunningham, Alistair Woodward, Kay Saville-Smith, Des O'Dea, Martin Kennedy, Michael Baker, Nick Waipara, Ralph Chapman, and Gabrielle Davie
BMJ 2007 334: 460. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Strategies to prevent falls and fractures in hospitals and care homes and effect of cognitive impairment: systematic review and meta-analyses

David Oliver, James B Connelly, Christina R Victor, Fiona E Shaw, Anne Whitehead, Yasemin Genc, Alessandra Vanoli, Finbarr C Martin, and Margot A Gosney
BMJ 2007 334: 82. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Effectiveness of an influenza vaccine programme for care home staff to prevent death, morbidity, and health service use among residents: cluster randomised controlled trial

Andrew C Hayward, Richard Harling, Sally Wetten, Anne M Johnson, Susan Munro, Julia Smedley, Shahed Murad, and John M Watson
BMJ 2006 333: 1241. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Physical activity to prevent obesity in young children: cluster randomised controlled trial

John J Reilly, Louise Kelly, Colette Montgomery, Avril Williamson, Abigail Fisher, John H McColl, Rossella Lo Conte, James Y Paton, and Stanley Grant
BMJ 2006 333: 1041. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Effect of family style mealtimes on quality of life, physical performance, and body weight of nursing home residents: cluster randomised controlled trial

Kristel A N D Nijs, Cees de Graaf, Frans J Kok, and Wija A van Staveren
BMJ 2006 332: 1180-1184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Antioxidant supplementation for the prevention of kwashiorkor in Malawian children: randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial

Heather Ciliberto, Michael Ciliberto, Andreé Briend, Per Ashorn, Dennis Bier, and Mark Manary
BMJ 2005 330: 1109. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Extending CONSORT to include cluster trials

Michael J Campbell
BMJ 2004 328: 654-655. [Extract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Ruf, D., Berner, M., Kriston, L., Lohmann, M., Mundle, G., Lorenz, G., Niebling, W., Harter, M. (2009). Cluster-randomized Controlled Trial of Dissemination Strategies of an Online Quality Improvement Programme for Alcohol-related Disorders. Alcohol Alcohol 0: agp079v1-agp079 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Jafar, T. H., Hatcher, J., Poulter, N., Islam, M., Hashmi, S., Qadri, Z., Bux, R., Khan, A., Jafary, F. H., Hameed, A., Khan, A., Badruddin, S. H., Chaturvedi, N., for the Hypertension Research Group, (2009). Community-Based Interventions to Promote Blood Pressure Control in a Developing Country: A Cluster Randomized Trial. ANN INTERN MED 151: 593-601 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Stiell, I. G, Clement, C. M, Grimshaw, J., Brison, R. J, Rowe, B. H, Schull, M. J, Lee, J. S, Brehaut, J., McKnight, R D., Eisenhauer, M. A, Dreyer, J., Letovsky, E., Rutledge, T., MacPhail, I., Ross, S., Shah, A., Perry, J. J, Holroyd, B. R, Ip, U., Lesiuk, H., Wells, G. A (2009). Implementation of the Canadian C-Spine Rule: prospective 12 centre cluster randomised trial. BMJ 339: b4146-b4146 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Murphy, A W, Cupples, M E, Smith, S M, Byrne, M, Byrne, M C, Newell, J, for the SPHERE study team, (2009). Effect of tailored practice and patient care plans on secondary prevention of heart disease in general practice: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 339: b4220-b4220 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Konig, H.-H., Born, A., Heider, D., Matschinger, H., Heinrich, S., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Surall, D., Angermeyer, M. C., Roick, C. (2009). Cost-effectiveness of a primary care model for anxiety disorders. Br. J. Psychiatry 195: 308-317 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Sackley, C. M, van den Berg, M. E, Lett, K., Patel, S., Hollands, K., Wright, C. C, Hoppitt, T. J (2009). Effects of a physiotherapy and occupational therapy intervention on mobility and activity in care home residents: a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 339: b3123-b3123 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Kramer, M. S, Martin, R. M, Sterne, J. A C, Shapiro, S., Dahhou, M., Platt, R. W (2009). The double jeopardy of clustered measurement and cluster randomisation. BMJ 339: b2900-b2900 [Full text]  
• Vaughan, R. (2009). AJPH Endorsement of Transparency, Clarity, and Rigor. AJPH 99: 1356-1359 [Full text]  
• Schumock, G. T., Pickard, A. S. (2009). Comparative effectiveness research: Relevance and applications to pharmacy. Am J Health Syst Pharm 66: 1278-1286 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Chou, R., Dana, T., Bougatsos, C. (2009). Screening Older Adults for Impaired Visual Acuity: A Review of the Evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. ANN INTERN MED 151: 44-58 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Jensen, H, Svanholm, H, Stovring, H, Bro, F (2009). A primary healthcare-based intervention to improve a Danish cervical cancer screening programme: a cluster randomised controlled trial. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 63: 510-515 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Moons, K. G M, Altman, D. G, Vergouwe, Y., Royston, P. (2009). Prognosis and prognostic research: application and impact of prognostic models in clinical practice. BMJ 338: b606-b606 [Full text]  
• Thomas, E., Dore, C. J. (2009). Statistical guidelines for contributors to Rheumatology. Rheumatology (Oxford) 48: 461-461 [Full text]  
• Linder, J. A., Rigotti, N. A., Schneider, L. I., Kelley, J. H. K., Brawarsky, P., Haas, J. S. (2009). An Electronic Health Record-Based Intervention to Improve Tobacco Treatment in Primary Care: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. Arch Intern Med 169: 781-787 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Diaz-Insua, M. (2009). Review: Methodological quality in medical evidence, quo vadis?. Therapeutic Advances in Urology 1: 51-59 [Abstract]  
• Ravaud, P, Flipo, R-M, Boutron, I, Roy, C, Mahmoudi, A, Giraudeau, B, Pham, T (2009). ARTIST (osteoarthritis intervention standardized) study of standardised consultation versus usual care for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee in primary care in France: pragmatic randomised controlled trial. BMJ 338: b421-b421 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Hawkesworth, S., Prentice, A. M, Fulford, A. J., Moore, S. E (2009). Maternal protein-energy supplementation does not affect adolescent blood pressure in The Gambia. Int J Epidemiol 38: 119-127 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• van Orden, M., Hoffman, T., Haffmans, J., Spinhoven, P., Hoencamp, E. (2009). Collaborative Mental Health Care Versus Care as Usual in a Primary Care Setting: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Psychiatr. Serv. 60: 74-79 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• de Smet, A.M.G.A., Kluytmans, J.A.J.W., Cooper, B.S., Mascini, E.M., Benus, R.F.J., van der Werf, T.S., van der Hoeven, J.G., Pickkers, P., Bogaers-Hofman, D., van der Meer, N.J.M., Bernards, A.T., Kuijper, E.J., Joore, J.C.A., Leverstein-van Hall, M.A., Bindels, A.J.G.H., Jansz, A.R., Wesselink, R.M.J., de Jongh, B.M., Dennesen, P.J.W., van Asselt, G.J., te Velde, L.F., Frenay, I.H.M.E., Kaasjager, K., Bosch, F.H., van Iterson, M., Thijsen, S.F.T., Kluge, G.H., Pauw, W., de Vries, J.W., Kaan, J.A., Arends, J.P., Aarts, L.P.H.J., Sturm, P.D.J., Harinck, H.I.J., Voss, A., Uijtendaal, E.V., Blok, H.E.M., Thieme Groen, E.S., Pouw, M.E., Kalkman, C.J., Bonten, M.J.M. (2009). Decontamination of the Digestive Tract and Oropharynx in ICU Patients. NEJM 360: 20-31 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Zwarenstein, M., Treweek, S., Gagnier, J. J, Altman, D. G, Tunis, S., Haynes, B., Oxman, A. D, Moher, D., for the CONSORT and Pragmatic Trials in Healthcare, (2008). Improving the reporting of pragmatic trials: an extension of the CONSORT statement. BMJ 337: a2390-a2390 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Chung, M., Raman, G., Trikalinos, T., Lau, J., Ip, S. (2008). Interventions in Primary Care to Promote Breastfeeding: An Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. ANN INTERN MED 149: 565-582 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Hiscock, H., Bayer, J. K., Hampton, A., Ukoumunne, O. C., Wake, M. (2008). Long-term Mother and Child Mental Health Effects of a Population-Based Infant Sleep Intervention: Cluster-Randomized, Controlled Trial. Pediatrics 122: e621-e627 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Tol, W. A., Komproe, I. H., Susanty, D., Jordans, M. J. D., Macy, R. D., De Jong, J. T. V. M. (2008). School-Based Mental Health Intervention for Children Affected by Political Violence in Indonesia: A Cluster Randomized Trial. JAMA 300: 655-662 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Barkin, S. L., Finch, S. A., Ip, E. H., Scheindlin, B., Craig, J. A., Steffes, J., Weiley, V., Slora, E., Altman, D., Wasserman, R. C. (2008). Is Office-Based Counseling About Media Use, Timeouts, and Firearm Storage Effective? Results From a Cluster-Randomized, Controlled Trial. Pediatrics 122: e15-e25 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Ioannidis, J. P A, Patsopoulos, N. A, Rothstein, H. R (2008). Reasons or excuses for avoiding meta-analysis in forest plots. BMJ 336: 1413-1415 [Full text]  
• Brown, C, Hofer, T, Johal, A, Thomson, R, Nicholl, J, Franklin, B D, Lilford, R J (2008). An epistemology of patient safety research: a framework for study design and interpretation. Part 2. Study design. Qual Saf Health Care 17: 163-169 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Krones, T., Keller, H., Sonnichsen, A., Sadowski, E.-M., Baum, E., Wegscheider, K., Rochon, J., Donner-Banzhoff, N. (2008). Absolute Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Shared Decision Making in Primary Care: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Fam Med 6: 218-227 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Kramer, M. S., Aboud, F., Mironova, E., Vanilovich, I., Platt, R. W., Matush, L., Igumnov, S., Fombonne, E., Bogdanovich, N., Ducruet, T., Collet, J.-P., Chalmers, B., Hodnett, E., Davidovsky, S., Skugarevsky, O., Trofimovich, O., Kozlova, L., Shapiro, S., for the Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Tr, (2008). Breastfeeding and Child Cognitive Development: New Evidence From a Large Randomized Trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65: 578-584 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Eldridge, S., Ashby, D., Bennett, C., Wakelin, M., Feder, G. (2008). Internal and external validity of cluster randomised trials: systematic review of recent trials. BMJ 336: 876-880 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Zimmermann, C., Riechelmann, R., Krzyzanowska, M., Rodin, G., Tannock, I. (2008). Effectiveness of Specialized Palliative Care: A Systematic Review. JAMA 299: 1698-1709 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Murray, D. M., Pals, S. L., Blitstein, J. L., Alfano, C. M., Lehman, J. (2008). Design and Analysis of Group-Randomized Trials in Cancer: A Review of Current Practices. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst 100: 483-491 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Cox, H., Puffer, S., Morton, V., Cooper, C., Hodson, J., Masud, T., Oliver, D., Preedy, D., Selby, P., Stone, M., Sutcliffe, A., Torgerson, D. (2008). Educating nursing home staff on fracture prevention: a cluster randomised trial. Age Ageing 37: 167-172 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Davies, M J, Heller, S, Skinner, T C, Campbell, M J, Carey, M E, Cradock, S, Dallosso, H M, Daly, H, Doherty, Y, Eaton, S, Fox, C, Oliver, L, Rantell, K, Rayman, G, Khunti, K, on behalf of the Diabetes Education and Self Manag, (2008). Effectiveness of the diabetes education and self management for ongoing and newly diagnosed (DESMOND) programme for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 336: 491-495 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Kramer, M. S., Fombonne, E., Igumnov, S., Vanilovich, I., Matush, L., Mironova, E., Bogdanovich, N., Tremblay, R. E., Chalmers, B., Zhang, X., Platt, R. W., for the Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Tr, (2008). Effects of Prolonged and Exclusive Breastfeeding on Child Behavior and Maternal Adjustment: Evidence From a Large, Randomized Trial. Pediatrics 121: e435-e440 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Boutron, I., Moher, D., Altman, D. G., Schulz, K. F., Ravaud, P., for the CONSORT Group, (2008). Extending the CONSORT Statement to Randomized Trials of Nonpharmacologic Treatment: Explanation and Elaboration. ANN INTERN MED 148: 295-309 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Boutron, I., Moher, D., Altman, D. G., Schulz, K. F., Ravaud, P., for the CONSORT Group, (2008). Methods and Processes of the CONSORT Group: Example of an Extension for Trials Assessing Nonpharmacologic Treatments. ANN INTERN MED 148: W-60-W-66 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Hiscock, H., Bayer, J. K, Price, A., Ukoumunne, O. C, Rogers, S., Wake, M. (2008). Universal parenting programme to prevent early childhood behavioural problems: cluster randomised trial. BMJ 336: 318-321 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Riley, R. D., Thompson, J. R., Abrams, K. R. (2008). An alternative model for bivariate random-effects meta-analysis when the within-study correlations are unknown. Biostatistics 9: 172-186 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Kramer, M. S, Matush, L., Vanilovich, I., Platt, R. W, Bogdanovich, N., Sevkovskaya, Z., Dzikovich, I., Shishko, G., Collet, J.-P., Martin, R. M, Davey Smith, G., Gillman, M. W, Chalmers, B., Hodnett, E., Shapiro, S., for the Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Tr, (2007). Effects of prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding on child height, weight, adiposity, and blood pressure at age 6.5 y: evidence from a large randomized trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86: 1717-1721 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Simpkins, J., Divine, G., Wang, M., Holmboe, E., Pladevall, M., Williams, L. K. (2007). Improving Asthma Care Through Recertification: A Cluster Randomized Trial. Arch Intern Med 167: 2240-2248 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Mason, S., Knowles, E., Colwell, B., Dixon, S., Wardrope, J., Gorringe, R., Snooks, H., Perrin, J., Nicholl, J. (2007). Effectiveness of paramedic practitioners in attending 999 calls from elderly people in the community: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 335: 919-919 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Hiscock, H., Bayer, J., Gold, L., Hampton, A., Ukoumunne, O. C, Wake, M. (2007). Improving infant sleep and maternal mental health: a cluster randomised trial. Arch. Dis. Child. 92: 952-958 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Elm, E. v., Altman, D. G, Egger, M., Pocock, S. J, Gotzsche, P. C, Vandenbroucke, J. P, STROBE Initiative, (2007). Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. BMJ 335: 806-808 [Full text]  
• Kramer, M. S, Matush, L., Vanilovich, I., Platt, R., Bogdanovich, N., Sevkovskaya, Z., Dzikovich, I., Shishko, G., Mazer, B., the Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial, (2007). Effect of prolonged and exclusive breast feeding on risk of allergy and asthma: cluster randomised trial. BMJ 335: 815-815 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gotzsche, P. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., for the STROBE Initiative, (2007). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: Guidelines for Reporting Observational Studies. ANN INTERN MED 147: 573-577 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Darlington, G. A., Donner, A. (2007). Meta-analysis of community-based cluster randomization trials with binary outcomes. Clin Trials 4: 491-498 [Abstract]  
• Labarere, J., Bosson, J.-L., Sevestre, M.-A., Sellier, E., Richaud, C., Legagneux, A. (2007). Intervention targeted at nurses to improve venous thromboprophylaxis. Int J Qual Health Care 19: 301-308 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Peyser, A., Weil, Y. A., Brocke, L., Sela, Y., Mosheiff, R., Mattan, Y., Manor, O., Liebergall, M. (2007). A prospective, randomised study comparing the percutaneous compression plate and the compression hip screw for the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br 89-B: 1210-1217 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Stone, S. P., Cooper, B. S., Kibbler, C. C., Cookson, B. D., Roberts, J. A., Medley, G. F., Duckworth, G., Lai, R., Ebrahim, S., Brown, E. M., Wiffen, P. J., Davey, P. G. (2007). The ORION statement: guidelines for transparent reporting of Outbreak Reports and Intervention studies Of Nosocomial infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 59: 833-840 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Eldridge, S. (2007). Good practice in statistical reporting for Family Practice. Fam Pract 24: 93-94 [Full text]  
• Howden-Chapman, P., Matheson, A., Crane, J., Viggers, H., Cunningham, M., Blakely, T., Cunningham, C., Woodward, A., Saville-Smith, K., O'Dea, D., Kennedy, M., Baker, M., Waipara, N., Chapman, R., Davie, G. (2007). Effect of insulating existing houses on health inequality: cluster randomised study in the community. BMJ 334: 460-460 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Mathers, N., Yu Chu Huang, (2007). Evaluating Public Health Research in Different Countries. Asia Pac J Public Health 19: 1-2  
• Bonvecchio, A., Pelto, G. H., Escalante, E., Monterrubio, E., Habicht, J. P., Nava, F., Villanueva, M.-A., Safdie, M., Rivera, J. A. (2007). Maternal Knowledge and Use of a Micronutrient Supplement Was Improved with a Programmatically Feasible Intervention in Mexico. J. Nutr. 137: 440-446 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Oliver, D., Connelly, J. B, Victor, C. R, Shaw, F. E, Whitehead, A., Genc, Y., Vanoli, A., Martin, F. C, Gosney, M. A (2007). Strategies to prevent falls and fractures in hospitals and care homes and effect of cognitive impairment: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ 334: 82-82 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Jefferson, T., Zarra, L. (2007). Bufala spotting, part one: assessing research papers. JRSM 100: 38-39 [Full text]  
• Lyles, C. M., Kay, L. S., Crepaz, N., Herbst, J. H., Passin, W. F., Kim, A. S., Rama, S. M., Thadiparthi, S., DeLuca, J. B., Mullins, M. M., for the Hiv/aids Prevention Research Synthesis Tea, (2007). Best-Evidence Interventions: Findings From a Systematic Review of HIV Behavioral Interventions for US Populations at High Risk, 2000-2004. AJPH 97: 133-143 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Hayward, A. C, Harling, R., Wetten, S., Johnson, A. M, Munro, S., Smedley, J., Murad, S., Watson, J. M (2006). Effectiveness of an influenza vaccine programme for care home staff to prevent death, morbidity, and health service use among residents: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 333: 1241-1241 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Currow, D. C, Abernethy, A. P, Shelby-James, T. M, Phillips, P. A (2006). The impact of conducting a regional palliative care clinical study. Palliat Med 20: 735-743 [Abstract]  
• Fowell, A, Johnstone, R, Finlay, I G, Russell, D, Russell, I T (2006). Design of trials with dying patients: a feasibility study of cluster randomisation versus randomised consent. Palliat Med 20: 799-804 [Abstract]  
• Reilly, J. J, Kelly, L., Montgomery, C., Williamson, A., Fisher, A., McColl, J. H, Lo Conte, R., Paton, J. Y, Grant, S. (2006). Physical activity to prevent obesity in young children: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 333: 1041-1041 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• SLADE, M., McCRONE, P., KUIPERS, E., LEESE, M., CAHILL, S., PARABIAGHI, A., PRIEBE, S., THORNICROFT, G. (2006). Use of standardised outcome measures in adult mental health services: Randomised controlled trial. Br. J. Psychiatry 189: 330-336 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Nijs, K. A N D, de Graaf, C., Kok, F. J, van Staveren, W. A (2006). Effect of family style mealtimes on quality of life, physical performance, and body weight of nursing home residents: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 332: 1180-1184 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• van Wijngaarden, J.D.H., Dirks, M., Dippel, D.W.J., Minkman, M., Niessen, L.W. (2006). Towards effective and efficient care pathways: thrombolysis in acute ischaemic stroke. QJM 99: 267-272 [Full text]  
• Piaggio, G., Elbourne, D. R., Altman, D. G., Pocock, S. J., Evans, S. J. W., for the CONSORT Group, (2006). Reporting of Noninferiority and Equivalence Randomized Trials: An Extension of the CONSORT Statement. JAMA 295: 1152-1160 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Schlenger, W. E., Williams, R. L., Blitstein, J. L. (2005). Iatrogenic Risk of Screening for Youth Suicide. JAMA 294: 2578-2579 [Full text]  
• Materia, E., Baglio, G. (2005). Health, science, and complexity. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 59: 534-535 [Full text]  
• Ciliberto, H., Ciliberto, M., Briend, A., Ashorn, P., Bier, D., Manary, M. (2005). Antioxidant supplementation for the prevention of kwashiorkor in Malawian children: randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial. BMJ 330: 1109- [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Boruch, R. (2005). Preface: Better Evaluation for Evidence-Based Policy: Place Randomized Trials in Education, Criminology, Welfare, and Health. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 599: 6-18  
• Grimshaw, J., Eccles, M., Campbell, M., Elbourne, D. (2005). Cluster Randomized Trials of Professional and Organizational Behavior Change Interventions in Health Care Settings. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 599: 71-93 [Abstract]  
• Moulton, L. H (2005). A practical look at cluster-randomized trials. Clin Trials 2: 89-90  
• Farrin, A., Russell, I., Torgerson, D., Underwood, M. (2005). Differential recruitment in a cluster randomized trial in primary care: the experience of the UK Back pain, Exercise, Active management and Manipulation (UK BEAM) feasibility study. Clin Trials 2: 119-124 [Abstract]  
• Raab, G. M, Butcherb, I. (2005). Randomization inference for balanced cluster-randomized trials. Clin Trials 2: 130-140 [Abstract]  
• White, I. R, Thomas, J. (2005). Standardized mean differences in individually-randomized and cluster-randomized trials, with applications to meta-analysis. Clin Trials 2: 141-151 [Abstract]  
• Goodacre, S, McQuillan, P, Higgins, B (2005). Appropriate analysis and reporting of cluster randomised trials * Authors' response. Emerg. Med. J. 22: 156-156 [Full text]  
• Horbar, J. D, Carpenter, J. H, Buzas, J., Soll, R. F, Suresh, G., Bracken, M. B, Leviton, L. C, Plsek, P. E, Sinclair, J. C (2004). Collaborative quality improvement to promote evidence based surfactant for preterm infants: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ 329: 1004- [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Moher, D., Altman, D. G., Schulz, K. F., Elbourne, D. R., The CONSORT Group, (2004). Opportunities and challenges for improving the quality of reporting clinical research: CONSORT and beyond. CMAJ 171: 349-350 [Full text]  
• Zyzanski, S. J., Flocke, S. A., Dickinson, L. M. (2004). On the Nature and Analysis of Clustered Data. Ann Fam Med 2: 199-200 [Full text]  
• Campbell, M. J (2004). Extending CONSORT to include cluster trials. BMJ 328: 654-655 [Full text]  

Rapid Responses:

Read all Rapid Responses

CONSORT statement: extension to cluster randomised trials – non-specific effects of control arms may hinder generalisability of results.

Amina Pasquarella, et al.
bmj.com, 23 Mar 2004 [Full text]

Reporting of cluster randomised trials when used in meta-analyses

James M Thomas, et al.
bmj.com, 26 Mar 2004 [Full text]

Is the intraclass correlation enough?

Paul B Silcocks
bmj.com, 11 Aug 2004 [Full text]

Online poll

Find out more on doc2doc >>