BMJ 2000;321:1124-1128 ( 4 November )

Education and debate

International comparators and poverty and health in Europe

Based on a presentation from the Millennium Festival of Medicine

Michael Marmot, professor of epidemiology and public healthMartin Bobak, senior lecturer

International Centre for Health and Society, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT

Correspondence to: M Marmot M.Marmot@.ucl.ac.uk

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.

Social inequalities in health continue to be a major problem in Britain, as in other countries. Much of the focus has been on health differences among social groups within countries,1 and rightly so, as the research evidence suggests that governments can do much to reduce these inequalities.2 Another sort of health inequality, however, also demands attention: inequalities among countries. Concern is expressed, appropriately, about inequalities in health between rich developed countries and poor developing countries. Less attention has been focused on the gap in life expectancy between the countries of eastern and western Europe; by eastern Europe, we mean the former communist countries of central and eastern Europe, including the countries of the former Soviet Union.

We are conducting a programme of research that addresses two types of question: the reasons for health inequalities between the countries of eastern and western Europe and the reasons for inequalities between social groups . . . [Full text of this article]


Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to StumbleUpon StumbleUpon   Add to Technorati Technorati    What's this?

Relevant Articles

Inequalities in health in Europe
Fabio Levi, Franca Lucchini, Silvia Franceschi, Eva Negri, and Carlo La Vecchia
BMJ 2001 322: 798. [Extract] [Full Text]

Millennial musings
Roy Porter
BMJ 2000 321: 1092-1093. [Extract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This article has been cited by other articles:

  • De Vogli, R, Gimeno, D (2009). Changes in income inequality and suicide rates after "shock therapy": evidence from Eastern Europe. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 63: 956-956 [Full text]  
  • Beckfield, J., Krieger, N. (2009). Epi + demos + cracy: Linking Political Systems and Priorities to the Magnitude of Health Inequities--Evidence, Gaps, and a Research Agenda. Epidemiol Rev 31: 152-177 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Perlman, F., Bobak, M. (2009). Assessing the Contribution of Unstable Employment to Mortality in Posttransition Russia: Prospective Individual-Level Analyses From the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey. AJPH 99: 1818-1825 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Bobak, M., Murphy, M., Rose, R., Marmot, M. (2007). Societal characteristics and health in the former communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union: a multilevel analysis. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 61: 990-996 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Hyde, M., Jakub, H., Melchior, M., Van Oort, F., Weyers, S. (2006). Comparison of the effects of low childhood socioeconomic position and low adulthood socioeconomic position on self rated health in four European studies.. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 60: 882-886 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Icks, A., Haastert, B., Rathmann, W., Rosenbauer, J., Giani, G. (2006). Trends in Hospitalization and Sociodemographic Factors in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Populations in Germany: National Health Survey, 1990-1992 and 1998. AJPH 96: 1656-1661 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Levett, J., Kyriopoulos, J. (2006). Public health in the Balkan region: one school's experience. Eur J Public Health 16: 234-236 [Full text]  
  • BONCZ, I., SEBESTYEN, A. (2006). Economy and mortality in Eastern and Western Europe between 1945 and 1990: the largest medical trial of history. Int J Epidemiol 35: 796-797 [Full text]  
  • Estacio, E. V. (2006). Going Beyond the Rhetoric: The Movement of Critical Health Psychology towards Social Action. J Health Psychol 11: 347-350 [Abstract]  
  • Helasoja, V., Lahelma, E., Prattala, R., Kasmel, A., Klumbiene, J., Pudule, I. (2006). The sociodemographic patterning of health in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Finland. Eur J Public Health 16: 8-20 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Kesteloot, H., Sans, S., Kromhout, D. (2006). Dynamics of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in Western and Eastern Europe between 1970 and 2000. Eur Heart J 27: 107-113 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Bazin, F., Parizot, I., Chauvin, P. (2005). Original approach to the individual characteristics associated with forgone healthcare: A study in underprivileged areas, Paris region, France, 2001-2003. Eur J Public Health 15: 361-367 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Yarnell, J, Yu, S, McCrum, E, Arveiler, D, Hass, B, Dallongeville, J, Montaye, M, Amouyel, P, Ferrieres, J, Ruidavets, J-B, Evans, A, Bingham, A, Ducimetiere, P, for the PRIME study group, (2005). Education, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, and risk of coronary heart disease: the PRIME Study. Int J Epidemiol 34: 268-275 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • De Vogli, R., Mistry, R., Gnesotto, R., Cornia, G. A. (2005). Has the relation between income inequality and life expectancy disappeared? Evidence from Italy and top industrialised countries. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 59: 158-162 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Hurt, L S, Ronsmans, C, Saha, S (2004). Effects of education and other socioeconomic factors on middle age mortality in rural Bangladesh. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 58: 315-320 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Yarnell, J., Gaffney, B. (2004). An Ounce of Prevention: Health Promotion and Public Health across the United Kingdom. Health Education Journal 63: 5-6  
  • Lynch, J., Davey Smith, G. (2003). Rates and states: reflections on the health of nations. Int J Epidemiol 32: 663-670 [Full text]  
  • Pearce, N., Davey Smith, G. (2003). Is Social Capital the Key to Inequalities in Health?. AJPH 93: 122-129 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Macleod, J, Davey Smith, G, Heslop, P, Metcalfe, C, Carroll, D, Hart, C (2001). Are the effects of psychosocial exposures attributable to confounding? Evidence from a prospective observational study on psychological stress and mortality. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 55: 878-884 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Grundy, E, Holt, G (2001). The socioeconomic status of older adults: How should we measure it in studies of health inequalities?. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 55: 895-904 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Marmot, M. (2001). Aetiology of coronary heart disease. BMJ 323: 1261-1262 [Full text]  
  • House, J. S. (2001). Relating Social Inequalities in Health and Income. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 26: 523-532  
  • Marmot, M., Wilkinson, R. G (2001). Psychosocial and material pathways in the relation between income and health: a response to Lynch et al. BMJ 322: 1233-1236 [Full text]  
  • Levi, F., Lucchini, F., Franceschi, S., Negri, E., Vecchia, C. L. (2001). Inequalities in health in Europe. BMJ 322: 798a-798 [Full text]  

Rapid Responses:

Read all Rapid Responses

The importance of psychosocial factors (inequalities) upon health
Salvador Vale
bmj.com, 4 Nov 2000 [Full text]
International comparators and poverty and health in Europe
Fabio Levi
bmj.com, 8 Dec 2000 [Full text]



Access jobs at BMJ Careers
Whats new online at Student 

BMJ