Published 8 January 2009, doi:10.1136/bmj.a3037
Cite this as: BMJ 2009;338:a3037

Research

Impact of pulse oximetry screening on the detection of duct dependent congenital heart disease: a Swedish prospective screening study in 39 821 newborns

¹ Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, S-416 85 Göteborg, Sweden, ² Department of Obstetrics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, S-416 85 Göteborg, ³ Department of Neonatology, Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, ⁴ Department of Obstetrics, NÄL Hospital, S-461 85 Trollhättan, Sweden, ⁵ Children’s Department, NÄL Hospital, ⁶ Obstetric Department, Södra Älvsborgs Hospital, S-501 15 Borås, Sweden, ⁷ Children’s Department, Södra Älvsborgs Hospital, ⁸ Department of Neonatology, Hospital of Skövde, S-541 85 Skövde, Sweden, ⁹ Children’s Department, Hospital of Skövde, ¹⁰ Institute of Forensic Medicine, S-405 30 Göteborg, ¹¹ Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgren Academy, Gothenburg University, S-405 30 Göteborg

Objective To evaluate the use of pulse oximetry to screen for early detection of life threatening congenital heart disease.

Design Prospective screening study with a new generation pulse oximeter before discharge from well baby nurseries in West Götaland. Cohort study comparing the detection rate of duct dependent circulation in West Götaland with that in other regions not using pulse oximetry screening. Deaths at home with undetected duct dependent circulation were included.

Setting All 5 maternity units in West Götaland and the supraregional referral centre for neonatal cardiac surgery.

Participants 39 821 screened babies born between 1 July 2004 and 31 March 2007. Total duct dependent circulation cohorts: West Götaland n=60, other referring regions n=100.

Main outcome measures Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and likelihood ratio for pulse oximetry screening and for neonatal physical examination alone.

Results In West Götaland 29 babies in well baby nurseries had duct dependent circulation undetected before neonatal discharge examination. In 13 cases, pulse oximetry showed oxygen saturations 90%, and (in accordance with protocol) clinical staff were immediately told of the results. Of the remaining 16 cases, physical examination alone detected 10 (63%). Combining physical examination with pulse oximetry screening had a sensitivity of 24/29 (82.8% (95% CI 64.2% to 95.2%)) and detected 100% of the babies with duct dependent lung circulation. Five cases were missed (all with aortic arch obstruction). False positive rate with pulse oximetry was substantially lower than that with physical examination alone (69/39 821 (0.17%) v 729/38 413 (1.90%), P<0.0001), and 31/69 of the "false positive" cases with pulse oximetry had other pathology. Thus, referral of all cases with positive oximetry results for echocardiography resulted in only 2.3 echocardiograms with normal cardiac findings for every true positive case of duct dependent circulation. In the cohort study, the risk of leaving hospital with undiagnosed duct dependent circulation was 28/100 (28%) in other referring regions versus 5/60 (8%) in West Götaland (P=0.0025, relative risk 3.36 (95% CI 1.37 to 8.24)). In the other referring regions 11/25 (44%) of babies with transposition of the great arteries left hospital undiagnosed versus 0/18 in West Götaland (P=0.0010), and severe acidosis at diagnosis was more common (33/100 (33%) v 7/60 (12%), P=0.0025, relative risk 2.8 (1.3 to 6.0)). Excluding premature babies and Norwood surgery, babies discharged without diagnosis had higher mortality than those diagnosed in hospital (4/27 (18%) v 1/110 (0.9%), P=0.0054). No baby died from undiagnosed duct dependent circulation in West Götaland versus five babies from the other referring regions.

Conclusion Introducing pulse oximetry screening before discharge improved total detection rate of duct dependent circulation to 92%. Such screening seems cost neutral in the short term, but the probable prevention of neurological morbidity and reduced need for preoperative neonatal intensive care suggest that such screening will be cost effective long term.

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This article has been cited by other articles:

• Klingenberg, C., Kaaresen, P. I., Dahl, L. B. (2009). International Perspectives: Neonatology Above the Arctic Circle. NeoReviews 10: e323-e329 [Full text]  
• (2009). Pulse Oximetry Improves Detection of Cardiac Abnormalities in Newborns. JWatch Pediatrics 2009: 4-4 [Full text]  
• Barrington, K. J (2009). Neonatal screening for life threatening congenital heart disease. BMJ 338: a2663-a2663 [Full text]  

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