BMJ 2001;322:1447-1451 ( 16 June )

Papers

Midlife vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease in later life: longitudinal, population based study

Miia Kivipelto, research fellow, a Eeva-Liisa Helkala, neuropsychologist, b Mikko P Laakso, research fellow, Academy of Finland, c Tuomo Hänninen, neuropsychologist, d Merja Hallikainen, research fellow, a Kari Alhainen, department head physician, e Hilkka Soininen, professor, d Jaakko Tuomilehto, professor, f Aulikki Nissinen, professor. b

a Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland, b Department of Public Health and General Practice, University of Kuopio, c Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, PO Box 1777, 70211, Kuopio, Finland, d Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, e North Karelia Central Hospital, 80210 Joensuu, Finland, f National Public Health Institute, 00300 Helsinki, Finland

Correspondence to: M Kivipelto miia.kivipelto{at}uku.fi

Objective: To examine the relation of midlife raised blood pressure and serum cholesterol concentrations to Alzheimer's disease in later life.
Design: Prospective, population based study.
Setting: Populations of Kuopio and Joensuu, eastern Finland.
Participants: Participants were derived from random, population based samples previously studied in a survey carried out in 1972, 1977, 1982, or 1987. After an average of 21 years' follow up, a total of 1449 (73%) participants aged 65-79 took part in the re-examination in 1998.
Main outcome measures: Midlife blood pressure and cholesterol concentrations and development of Alzheimer's disease in later life.
Results: People with raised systolic blood pressure (>= 160 mm Hg) or high serum cholesterol concentration (>= 6.5 mmol/l) in midlife had a significantly higher risk of Alzheimer's disease in later life, even after adjustment for age, body mass index, education, vascular events, smoking status, and alcohol consumption, than those with normal systolic blood pressure (odds ratio 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.0 to 5.5) or serum cholesterol (odds ratio 2.1, 1.0 to 4.4). Participants with both of these risk factors in midlife had a significantly higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease than those with either of the risk factors alone (odds ratio 3.5, 1.6 to 7.9). Diastolic blood pressure in midlife had no significant effect on the risk of Alzheimer's disease.
Conclusion: Raised systolic blood pressure and high serum cholesterol concentration, and in particular the combination of these risks, in midlife increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease in later life.


What is already known on this topic
Vascular risk factors may play an important part as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease

No population based studies have evaluated prospectively the impact of both midlife blood pressure and cholesterol concentration in both men and women on the subsequent development of Alzheimer's disease

What this study adds
Raised systolic blood pressure and high serum cholesterol concentration, and in particular the combination of these risks, in midlife increased the risk of Alzheimer's disease in later life

Raised systolic blood pressure and hypercholesterolaemia may have a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease; more emphasis should be placed on identification and appropriate treatment of these conditions



© BMJ 2001
Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to StumbleUpon StumbleUpon   Add to Technorati Technorati    What's this?

Relevant Articles

Association between mid-life marital status and cognitive function in later life: population based cohort study
Krister Håkansson, Suvi Rovio, Eeva-Liisa Helkala, Anna-Riitta Vilska, Bengt Winblad, Hilkka Soininen, Aulikki Nissinen, Abdul H Mohammed, and Miia Kivipelto
BMJ 2009 339: b2462. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Low dose aspirin and cognitive function in the women's health study cognitive cohort
Jae Hee Kang, Nancy Cook, JoAnn Manson, Julie E Buring, and Francine Grodstein
BMJ 2007 334: 987. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

High blood pressure and cholesterol are risk factors for Alzheimer's disease
BMJ 2001 322: 0. [Full Text]

This article has been cited by other articles:

  • van Exel, E., Eikelenboom, P., Comijs, H., Frolich, M., Smit, J. H., Stek, M. L., Scheltens, P., Eefsting, J. E., Westendorp, R. G. J. (2009). Vascular Factors and Markers of Inflammation in Offspring With a Parental History of Late-Onset Alzheimer Disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66: 1263-1270 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Deschaintre, Y., Richard, F., Leys, D., Pasquier, F. (2009). Treatment of vascular risk factors is associated with slower decline in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 73: 674-680 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Sabia, S., Nabi, H., Kivimaki, M., Shipley, M. J., Marmot, M. G., Singh-Manoux, A. (2009). Health Behaviors From Early to Late Midlife as Predictors of Cognitive Function: The Whitehall II Study. Am J Epidemiol 170: 428-437 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Hakansson, K., Rovio, S., Helkala, E.-L., Vilska, A.-R., Winblad, B., Soininen, H., Nissinen, A., Mohammed, A. H, Kivipelto, M. (2009). Association between mid-life marital status and cognitive function in later life: population based cohort study. BMJ 339: b2462-b2462 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Kennelly, S. P., Lawlor, B. A., Kenny, R. A. (2009). Review: Blood pressure and dementia -- a comprehensive review. Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders 2: 241-260 [Abstract]  
  • Haag, M.D.M., Hofman, A., Koudstaal, P. J., Breteler, M. M.B., Stricker, B. H.C. (2009). Duration of antihypertensive drug use and risk of dementia: A prospective cohort study. Neurology 72: 1727-1734 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Hoffman, L. B., Schmeidler, J., Lesser, G. T., Beeri, M. S., Purohit, D. P., Grossman, H. T., Haroutunian, V. (2009). Less Alzheimer disease neuropathology in medicated hypertensive than nonhypertensive persons. Neurology 72: 1720-1726 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Ronald, J. A., Chen, Y., Bernas, L., Kitzler, H. H., Rogers, K. A., Hegele, R. A., Rutt, B. K. (2009). Clinical field-strength MRI of amyloid plaques induced by low-level cholesterol feeding in rabbits. Brain 132: 1346-1354 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Poon, I., Lal, L. S, Ford, M. E, Braun, U. K (2009). Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Medication Use Among Veterans with Hypertension and Dementia: A National Cohort Study. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 43: 185-193 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Viswanathan, A., Rocca, W. A., Tzourio, C. (2009). Vascular risk factors and dementia: How to move forward?. Neurology 72: 368-374 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Raffaitin, C., Gin, H., Empana, J.-P., Helmer, C., Berr, C., Tzourio, C., Portet, F., Dartigues, J.-F., Alperovitch, A., Barberger-Gateau, P. (2009). Metabolic Syndrome and Risk for Incident Alzheimer's Disease or Vascular Dementia: The Three-City Study. Diabetes Care 32: 169-174 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Hussain, H. M., Zakria, M., Arshad, A. R., Arvanitakis, Z., Bennett, D. A., Pappolla, M. A., Arvanitakis, Z., Bennett, D. A. (2008). STATINS, INCIDENT ALZHEIMER DISEASE, CHANGE IN COGNITIVE FUNCTION, AND NEUROPATHOLOGY. Neurology 71: 2019-2020 [Full text]  
  • Coley, N., Andrieu, S., Gardette, V., Gillette-Guyonnet, S., Sanz, C., Vellas, B., Grand, A. (2008). Dementia Prevention: Methodological Explanations for Inconsistent Results. Epidemiol Rev 30: 35-66 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Dhoat, S., Ali, K., Bulpitt, C. J., Rajkumar, C. (2008). Vascular compliance is reduced in vascular dementia and not in Alzheimer's disease. Age Ageing 37: 653-659 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • McGurn, B., Deary, I. J., Starr, J. M. (2008). Childhood cognitive ability and risk of late-onset Alzheimer and vascular dementia. Neurology 71: 1051-1056 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Peters, R., Peters, J., Warner, J., Beckett, N., Bulpitt, C. (2008). Alcohol, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly: a systematic review. Age Ageing 37: 505-512 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Reitz, C., Mayeux, R., Luchsinger, J. A. (2008). Antihypertensive Medications Influence the Rate of Conversion From Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer Disease--Reply. Arch Neurol 65: 995-995 [Full text]  
  • Mielke, M. M., Xue, Q.-L., Zhou, J., Chaves, P. H. M., Fried, L. P., Carlson, M. C. (2008). Baseline Serum Cholesterol Is Selectively Associated With Motor Speed and Not Rates of Cognitive Decline: The Women's Health and Aging Study II. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 63: 619-624 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Patterson, C. MD, Feightner, J. W. MD MSc, Garcia, A. MD PhD, Hsiung, G.-Y. R. MD MHSc, MacKnight, C. MD MSc, Sadovnick, A. D. PhD (2008). Diagnosis and treatment of dementia: 1. Risk assessment and primary prevention of Alzheimer disease. CMAJ 178: 548-556 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Dai, W., Lopez, O. L., Carmichael, O. T., Becker, J. T., Kuller, L. H., Gach, H. M. (2008). Abnormal Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Cognitively Normal Elderly Subjects With Hypertension. Stroke 39: 349-354 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Smith, E. E., Egorova, S., Blacker, D., Killiany, R. J., Muzikansky, A., Dickerson, B. C., Tanzi, R. E., Albert, M. S., Greenberg, S. M., Guttmann, C. R. G. (2008). Magnetic Resonance Imaging White Matter Hyperintensities and Brain Volume in the Prediction of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. Arch Neurol 65: 94-100 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Reitz, C., Tang, M.-X., Manly, J., Mayeux, R., Luchsinger, J. A. (2007). Hypertension and the Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment. Arch Neurol 64: 1734-1740 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Simon, K. C., Chen, H., Schwarzschild, M., Ascherio, A. (2007). Hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and risk of Parkinson disease. Neurology 69: 1688-1695 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • van den Berg, E., Biessels, G. J., de Craen, A. J.M, Gussekloo, J., Westendorp, R.G.J. (2007). The metabolic syndrome is associated with decelerated cognitive decline in the oldest old. Neurology 69: 979-985 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Li, G., Larson, E. B., Sonnen, J. A., Shofer, J. B., Petrie, E. C., Schantz, A., Peskind, E. R., Raskind, M. A., Breitner, J.C.S., Montine, T. J. (2007). Statin therapy is associated with reduced neuropathologic changes of Alzheimer disease. Neurology 69: 878-885 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Komulainen, P., Lakka, T. A., Kivipelto, M., Hassinen, M., Penttila, I. M., Helkala, E.-L., Gylling, H., Nissinen, A., Rauramaa, R. (2007). Serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein and cognitive function in elderly women. Age Ageing 36: 443-448 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Li, Z.-g., Zhang, W., Sima, A. A.F. (2007). Alzheimer-Like Changes in Rat Models of Spontaneous Diabetes. Diabetes 56: 1817-1824 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Scarmeas, N. (2007). Invited Commentary: Lipoproteins and Dementia--Is It the Apolipoprotein A-I?. Am J Epidemiol 165: 993-997 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Ellul, J, Archer, N, Foy, C M L, Poppe, M, Boothby, H, Nicholas, H, Brown, R G, Lovestone, S (2007). The effects of commonly prescribed drugs in patients with Alzheimer's disease on the rate of deterioration. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 78: 233-239 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Staessen, J. A., Richart, T., Birkenhager, W. H. (2007). Less Atherosclerosis and Lower Blood Pressure for a Meaningful Life Perspective With More Brain. Hypertension 49: 389-400 [Full text]  
  • Mack, J. T., Beljanski, V., Soulika, A. M., Townsend, D. M., Brown, C. B., Davis, W., Tew, K. D. (2007). "Skittish" Abca2 Knockout Mice Display Tremor, Hyperactivity, and Abnormal Myelin Ultrastructure in the Central Nervous System. Mol. Cell. Biol. 27: 44-53 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Kuller, L. H. (2006). Green Banana*: Dementia Epidemiology Research: It Is Time to Modify the Focus of Research. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 61: 1314-1318 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Burns, A., O'Brien, J. (2006). Clinical practice with anti-dementia drugs: a consensus statement from British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol 20: 732-755 [Abstract]  
  • Regan, C., Katona, C., Walker, Z., Hooper, J., Donovan, J., Livingston, G. (2006). Relationship of vascular risk to the progression of Alzheimer disease. Neurology 67: 1357-1362 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Lehmann, D J, Worwood, M, Ellis, R, Wimhurst, V L J, Merryweather-Clarke, A T, Warden, D R, Smith, A D, Robson, K J H (2006). Iron genes, iron load and risk of Alzheimer's disease.. J. Med. Genet. 43: e52-e52 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Padala, K. P, Padala, P. R, Potter, J. F (2006). Simvastatin-Induced Decline in Cognition. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 40: 1880-1883 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Vanhanen, M., Koivisto, K., Moilanen, L., Helkala, E. L., Hanninen, T., Soininen, H., Kervinen, K., Kesaniemi, Y. A., Laakso, M., Kuusisto, J. (2006). Association of metabolic syndrome with Alzheimer disease: a population-based study.. Neurology 67: 843-847 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Bhargava, D., Weiner, M. F., Hynan, L. S., Diaz-Arrastia, R., Lipton, A. M. (2006). Vascular disease and risk factors, rate of progression, and survival in Alzheimer's disease.. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 19: 78-82 [Abstract]  
  • Khachaturian, A. S., Zandi, P. P., Lyketsos, C. G., Hayden, K. M., Skoog, I., Norton, M. C., Tschanz, J. T., Mayer, L. S., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., Breitner, J. C. S., for the Cache County Study Group, (2006). Antihypertensive Medication Use and Incident Alzheimer Disease: The Cache County Study. Arch Neurol 63: 686-692 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Reitz, C., Luchsinger, J. A., Tang, M.-X., Manly, J., Mayeux, R. (2006). Stroke and memory performance in elderly persons without dementia.. Arch Neurol 63: 571-576 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Borek, C. (2006). Garlic Reduces Dementia and Heart-Disease Risk. J. Nutr. 136: 810S-812S [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Kurth, T., Logroscino, G. (2006). Can We Escape Stroke and Alzheimer Disease?. Stroke 37: 279-280 [Full text]  
  • Bursi, F., Rocca, W. A., Killian, J. M., Weston, S. A., Knopman, D. S., Jacobsen, S. J., Roger, V. L. (2006). Heart Disease and Dementia: A Population-based Study. Am J Epidemiol 163: 135-141 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Freitag, M. H., Peila, R., Masaki, K., Petrovitch, H., Ross, G. W., White, L. R., Launer, L. J. (2006). Midlife Pulse Pressure and Incidence of Dementia: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Stroke 37: 33-37 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Koldamova, R., Staufenbiel, M., Lefterov, I. (2005). Lack of ABCA1 Considerably Decreases Brain ApoE Level and Increases Amyloid Deposition in APP23 Mice. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 43224-43235 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Bernick, C., Katz, R., Smith, N. L., Rapp, S., Bhadelia, R., Carlson, M., Kuller, L., for the Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative, (2005). Statins and cognitive function in the elderly: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Neurology 65: 1388-1394 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Sturman, M. T., Morris, M. C., Mendes de Leon, C. F., Bienias, J. L., Wilson, R. S., Evans, D. A. (2005). Physical Activity, Cognitive Activity, and Cognitive Decline in a Biracial Community Population. Arch Neurol 62: 1750-1754 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Li, G., Shofer, J. B., Kukull, W. A., Peskind, E. R., Tsuang, D. W., Breitner, J.C.S., McCormick, W., Bowen, J. D., Teri, L., Schellenberg, G. D., Larson, E. B. (2005). Serum cholesterol and risk of Alzheimer disease: A community-based cohort study. Neurology 65: 1045-1050 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Kivipelto, M., Ngandu, T., Fratiglioni, L., Viitanen, M., Kareholt, I., Winblad, B., Helkala, E.-L., Tuomilehto, J., Soininen, H., Nissinen, A. (2005). Obesity and Vascular Risk Factors at Midlife and the Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer Disease. Arch Neurol 62: 1556-1560 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Hanon, O., Haulon, S., Lenoir, H., Seux, M.-L., Rigaud, A.-S., Safar, M., Girerd, X., Forette, F. (2005). Relationship Between Arterial Stiffness and Cognitive Function in Elderly Subjects With Complaints of Memory Loss. Stroke 36: 2193-2197 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Geroldi, C., Frisoni, G. B., Paolisso, G., Bandinelli, S., Lamponi, M., Abbatecola, A. M., Zanetti, O., Guralnik, J. M., Ferrucci, L. (2005). Insulin Resistance in Cognitive Impairment: The InCHIANTI Study. Arch Neurol 62: 1067-1072 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • (2005). May 24 Highlight and Commentary: Timing is of the essence. Neurology 64: 1671-1671 [Full text]  
  • Mielke, M. M., Zandi, P. P., Sjogren, M., Gustafson, D., Ostling, S., Steen, B., Skoog, I. (2005). High total cholesterol levels in late life associated with a reduced risk of dementia. Neurology 64: 1689-1695 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Sparks, D. L., Sabbagh, M. N., Connor, D. J., Lopez, J., Launer, L. J., Browne, P., Wasser, D., Johnson-Traver, S., Lochhead, J., Ziolwolski, C. (2005). Atorvastatin for the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Alzheimer Disease: Preliminary Results. Arch Neurol 62: 753-757 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Goldstein, F. C., Ashley, A. V., Freedman, L. J., Penix, L., Lah, J. J., Hanfelt, J., Levey, A. I. (2005). Hypertension and cognitive performance in African Americans with Alzheimer disease. Neurology 64: 899-901 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Rosengren, A., Skoog, I., Gustafson, D., Wilhelmsen, L. (2005). Body Mass Index, Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Hospitalization for Dementia. Arch Intern Med 165: 321-326 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Koldamova, R. P., Lefterov, I. M., Staufenbiel, M., Wolfe, D., Huang, S., Glorioso, J. C., Walter, M., Roth, M. G., Lazo, J. S. (2005). The Liver X Receptor Ligand T0901317 Decreases Amyloid {beta} Production in Vitro and in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 4079-4088 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Zandi, P. P., Sparks, D. L., Khachaturian, A. S., Tschanz, J., Norton, M., Steinberg, M., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., Breitner, J. C. S., for the Cache County Study Investigators, (2005). Do Statins Reduce Risk of Incident Dementia and Alzheimer Disease?: The Cache County Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62: 217-224 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • den Heijer, T., Launer, L. J., Prins, N. D., van Dijk, E. J., Vermeer, S. E., Hofman, A., Koudstaal, P. J., Breteler, M. M.B. (2005). Association between blood pressure, white matter lesions, and atrophy of the medial temporal lobe. Neurology 64: 263-267 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Whitmer, R. A., Sidney, S., Selby, J., Johnston, S. C., Yaffe, K. (2005). Midlife cardiovascular risk factors and risk of dementia in late life. Neurology 64: 277-281 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Hajjar, I., Catoe, H., Sixta, S., Boland, R., Johnson, D., Hirth, V., Wieland, D., Eleazer, P. (2005). Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Association Between Antihypertensive Medications and Cognitive Impairment in an Elderly Population. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 60: 67-73 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Langa, K. M., Foster, N. L., Larson, E. B. (2004). Mixed Dementia: Emerging Concepts and Therapeutic Implications. JAMA 292: 2901-2908 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Qiu, C., von Strauss, E., Winblad, B., Fratiglioni, L. (2004). Decline in Blood Pressure Over Time and Risk of Dementia: A Longitudinal Study From the Kungsholmen Project. Stroke 35: 1810-1815 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • DeCarli, C., Mungas, D., Harvey, D., Reed, B., Weiner, M., Chui, H., Jagust, W. (2004). Memory impairment, but not cerebrovascular disease, predicts progression of MCI to dementia. Neurology 63: 220-227 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • van Osch, L. A.D.M., Hogervorst, E., Combrinck, M., Smith, A. D. (2004). Low thyroid-stimulating hormone as an independent risk factor for Alzheimer disease. Neurology 62: 1967-1971 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Woo, D., Kissela, B. M., Khoury, J. C., Sauerbeck, L. R., Haverbusch, M. A., Szaflarski, J. P., Gebel, J. M., Pancioli, A. M., Jauch, E. C., Schneider, A., Kleindorfer, D., Broderick, J. P. (2004). Hypercholesterolemia, HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, and Risk of Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Case-Control Study. Stroke 35: 1360-1364 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Tilvis, R. S., Kahonen-Vare, M. H., Jolkkonen, J., Valvanne, J., Pitkala, K. H., Strandberg, T. E. (2004). Predictors of Cognitive Decline and Mortality of Aged People Over a 10-Year Period. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 59: M268-M274 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Hoglund, K., Wiklund, O., Vanderstichele, H., Eikenberg, O., Vanmechelen, E., Blennow, K. (2004). Plasma Levels of {beta}-Amyloid(1-40), {beta}-Amyloid(1-42), and Total {beta}-Amyloid Remain Unaffected in Adult Patients With Hypercholesterolemia After Treatment With Statins. Arch Neurol 61: 333-337 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Vischer, U., Szanto, I., Michel, J.-P. (2004). Commentary: The Association Between Insulin Resistance, Depression, and Dementia. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 59: M189-191 [Full text]  
  • Verghese, J., Lipton, R. B., Hall, C. B., Kuslansky, G., Katz, M. J. (2003). Low blood pressure and the risk of dementia in very old individuals. Neurology 61: 1667-1672 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Prince, M. (2003). Commentary: Two-phase surveys. A death is announced; no flowers please. Int J Epidemiol 32: 1078-1080 [Full text]  
  • Chauhan, N. B. (2003). Membrane dynamics, cholesterol homeostasis, and Alzheimer's disease. J. Lipid Res. 44: 2019-2029 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Qiu, C., Winblad, B., Fastbom, J., Fratiglioni, L. (2003). Combined effects of APOE genotype, blood pressure, and antihypertensive drug use on incident AD. Neurology 61: 655-660 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Rosenthal, T. C., Khotianov, N. (2003). Managing Alzheimer Dementia Tomorrow. J Am Board Fam Med 16: 423-434 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Gregg, E. W., Brown, A. (2003). Cognitive and Physical Disabilities and Aging-Related Complications of Diabetes. Clin. Diabetes 21: 113-118 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • The PROGRESS Collaborative Group*, (2003). Effects of Blood Pressure Lowering With Perindopril and Indapamide Therapy on Dementia and Cognitive Decline in Patients With Cerebrovascular Disease. Arch Intern Med 163: 1069-1075 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Merikangas, K. R., Risch, N. (2003). Will the Genomics Revolution Revolutionize Psychiatry?. Am. J. Psychiatry 160: 625-635 [Full text]  
  • Qiu, C., Winblad, B., Viitanen, M., Fratiglioni, L. (2003). Pulse Pressure and Risk of Alzheimer Disease in Persons Aged 75 Years and Older: A Community-Based, Longitudinal Study. Stroke 34: 594-599 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Walters, R J L, Fox, N C, Schott, J M, Crum, W R, Stevens, J M, Rossor, M N, Thomas, D J (2003). Transient ischaemic attacks are associated with increased rates of global cerebral atrophy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 74: 213-216 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Qiu, C., von Strauss, E., Fastbom, J., Winblad, B., Fratiglioni, L. (2003). Low Blood Pressure and Risk of Dementia in the Kungsholmen Project: A 6-Year Follow-up Study. Arch Neurol 60: 223-228 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Ehehalt, R., Keller, P., Haass, C., Thiele, C., Simons, K. (2003). Amyloidogenic processing of the Alzheimer {beta}-amyloid precursor protein depends on lipid rafts. JCB 160: 113-123 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • MERIKANGAS, K.R. (2003). Implications of Genomics for Public Health: The Role of Genetic Epidemiology. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 68: 359-364 [Abstract]  
  • Engelhart, M. J., Geerlings, M. I., Ruitenberg, A., van Swieten, J. C., Hofman, A., Witteman, J. C.M., Breteler, M. M.B. (2002). Diet and risk of dementia: Does fat matter?: The Rotterdam Study. Neurology 59: 1915-1921 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Fukumoto, H., Deng, A., Irizarry, M. C., Fitzgerald, M. L., Rebeck, G. W. (2002). Induction of the Cholesterol Transporter ABCA1 in Central Nervous System Cells by Liver X Receptor Agonists Increases Secreted Abeta Levels. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 48508-48513 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Murray, M. D., Lane, K. A., Gao, S., Evans, R. M., Unverzagt, F. W., Hall, K. S., Hendrie, H. (2002). Preservation of Cognitive Function With Antihypertensive Medications: A Longitudinal Analysis of a Community-Based Sample of African Americans. Arch Intern Med 162: 2090-2096 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Kivipelto, M., Helkala, E.-L., Laakso, M. P., Hanninen, T., Hallikainen, M., Alhainen, K., Iivonen, S., Mannermaa, A., Tuomilehto, J., Nissinen, A., Soininen, H. (2002). Apolipoprotein E {epsilon}4 Allele, Elevated Midlife Total Cholesterol Level, and High Midlife Systolic Blood Pressure Are Independent Risk Factors for Late-Life Alzheimer Disease. ANN INTERN MED 137: 149-155 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • de la Torre, J.C. (2002). Alzheimer Disease as a Vascular Disorder: Nosological Evidence. Stroke 33: 1152-1162 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Hanon, O., Leys, D. (2002). Cognitive decline and dementia in the elderly hypertensive. Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System 3: S32-S38  
  • Locatelli, S., Lutjohann, D., Schmidt, H. H.-J., Otto, C., Beisiegel, U., von Bergmann, K. (2002). Reduction of Plasma 24S-Hydroxycholesterol (Cerebrosterol) Levels Using High-Dosage Simvastatin in Patients With Hypercholesterolemia: Evidence That Simvastatin Affects Cholesterol Metabolism in the Human Brain. Arch Neurol 59: 213-216 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • Rockwood, K., Kirkland, S., Hogan, D. B., MacKnight, C., Merry, H., Verreault, R., Wolfson, C., McDowell, I. (2002). Use of Lipid-Lowering Agents, Indication Bias, and the Risk of Dementia in Community-Dwelling Elderly People. Arch Neurol 59: 223-227 [Abstract] [Full text]  
  • (2001). High BP and Cholesterol: Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease. JWatch Psychiatry 2001: 11-11 [Full text]  
  • (2001). High BP and Cholesterol: Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease. JWatch General 2001: 5-5 [Full text]  

Rapid Responses:

Read all Rapid Responses

Vascular risks and dementia
Albert J Kirshen
bmj.com, 16 Jun 2001 [Full text]
Alzheimer's disease: the primary role of both insulin and cerebral insulin-receptors responce.
Sergio Stagnaro
bmj.com, 16 Jun 2001 [Full text]
two sides of the same coin
Pablo Millares-Martin
bmj.com, 18 Jun 2001 [Full text]
Raised systolic blood pressure or serum cholesterol may not increase the risk of Alzheimers Disease
Mark Yates
bmj.com, 19 Jun 2001 [Full text]
Differential Diagnosis of Dementia Uncertain
Gerson T Lesser
bmj.com, 6 Jul 2001 [Full text]
Cholesterol, synaptic function and Alzheimer’s disease
Alexei R Koudinov, et al.
bmj.com, 17 Oct 2001 [Full text]
Access jobs at BMJ Careers
Whats new online at Student BMJ